Difference between revisions of "Hamlet"

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The better known title for ''[[The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark]]'' by William Shakespeare, written and performed some time  between 1599 and 1602.
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''[[Hamlet]]'' is a tragedy written by [[William Shakespeare]] (1564 – 1616)[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare].  
  
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It is believed that Shakespeare basedthe play on the legend of Amleth, preserved by 13th-century chronicler Saxo Grammaticus in his Gesta Danorum as subsequently retold by 16th-century scholar François de Belleforest.  
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Full title ''[[The Tragical History of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark]]'' or ''[[The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark]]'', usually shortened to ''[[Hamlet]]''.  
  
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==The original text ==
  
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As elsewhere in the world, this is one of the more popular of the tragedies and often performed in South Africa. The first time according to Fletcher (1994, quoting Keeling and Bonner) was when Captain W. Keeling had it performed on board his ship the Dragon off the coast of Southern Africa in 1608, on his way to the Cape. The first recorded performance of  a substantial excerpt from Hamlet (act 3) on land was only in 1854 in Cape Town (Bosman 1928). However the first recorded (semi-) professional performance of the full play came with the arrival of [[Sefton Parry]] and his 1858 season of Shakespeare plays, followed by [[Disney Roebuck]]'s production of 1876. Done by the [[Ben Wheeler Theatre Company]] in Cape Town in 1896 (with [[Leonard Rayne]]), **. Other notable productions were at [[Maynardville]] ([[Leslie French]] directing, 1964 and 1975), at the [[Civic Theatre|Johannesburg Civic]] in 1964 (by [[PACT]], directed by [[Margaret Inglis]] with [[Francois Swart|François Swart]] , [[Reinet Maasdorp]], [[Joe Stewardson]] and [[Joan Blake]]). [[NAPAC]] (1964), **and [[CAPAB]] in association with [[PACOFS]] (1973, with  [[Ralph Lawson]], [[Cobus Rossouw]], [[Pierre Knoesen]], [[Errol Ross]], directed by [[Robert Mohr]]) (CAPAB, 198*?), [[PACT]] (198*, directed by [[Francois Swart]], with [[Marius Weyers]] and **), [[Baxter Theatre]] (197*/8*? With [[Brumilda van Rensburg]]?*) *** (19**, with **, ** and [[Peter Butler]]); [[Loft Theatre Company]] in Durban (19**),  [[Baxter Theatre]] and [[National Arts Festival]], (1992, directed by [[Christopher Weare|Chris Weare]] with [[Ralph Lawson]], [[Diane Wilson]], [[Michelle Scott]], [[Gys de Villiers]], [[Blaise Koch]], [[Neels Coetzee]] and 2005, directed by [[Janet Suzman]] with [[John Kani]], [[Dorothy-Ann Gould]] and [[Rajesh Gopie]]), **. Perhaps one of the most important Hamlet productions, however was the Afrikaans production in 1947, translated by [[L.I. Coertze]], produced by [[André Huguenet]] in conjunction with [[African Consolidated Theatres]], directed by [[Anna Neethling-Pohl]] and [[Siegfried Mynhardt]], and featuring [[André Huguenet]]  and [[Berdine Grünewald]] as Hamlet and Ophelia, alongside a stellar cast of Afrikaans performers, including [[Anna Neethling-Pohl]] as Gertrude, [[Gideon Roos]], [[Olivier Burgers]], [[Jan Schutte]]. It opened to enormous ovation in the [[Opera House]], Pretoria on *** 1947, and the clamour surrounding its success led directly to the founding of the [[National Theatre Organisation]]. (The same Afrikaans version was used to open the [[Wynand Mouton Theatre]] in Bloemfontein on Thursday October 13 1983.) Notable other performances of this text were those of *** in 19**, [[Cobus Rossouw]] and [[Pieter Joubert]] for [[CAPAB]] and [[PACOFS]] in 19**? *** in 19**, [[Marius Weyers]] for [[PACT]] in 198*?,  etc?? Hamlet has also been translated into a number of other South African languages, including Southern Sotho as  ''[[Hamlet, kgosi ea Denmark]]'' by [[I. Mahloane]]. (Published by Mazenod in 1964), .  
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Written and first performed some time between 1599 and 1602. The first complete published text, the 2nd ("Good") Quarto of 1604/5, carries the title ''[[The Tragical Historie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke]]''. The first folio of 1623 has ''[[The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke]]'', while later editions have the more familiar modern spelling, given above.  
  
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In 2013  performed by the [[Port Elizabeth Shakespearean Festival]] (PESF) in the [[Noel Morgan Auditorium]] at the [[Little Theatre]] of the [[Port Elizabeth Musical and Dramatic Society]] ([[PEMADS]]).
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It is believed that Shakespeare based the play on the legend of Amleth, preserved by 13th-century chronicler Saxo Grammaticus in his Gesta Danorum as subsequently retold by 16th-century scholar François de Belleforest.
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Directed by Linda-Louise Swain, with  Andrew White, , Cameron Robertson, Lesley Barnard, Gift Buqa, Jessica Rijs, David Emery, Dennis Slattery and Ray Saunders.
 
  
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== Translations, adaptations, parodies, etc ==
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There have of course been numerous adaptations and translations of the text. It has also been parodied, satirized and turned into [[burlesque]]s.
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===Plays focussed on Hamlet===
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''[[Hamlet the Dainty]]'' was an [[Ethiopian burlesque]] on Shakespeare's Hamlet, performed by Griffin & Christy's Minstrels by G.W.H. Griffin.
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A modernised version of ''[[Hamlet]]'' (in "Modern English") was done by [[Walter Saunders]], a poet and former teacher of English at schools and universities in South Africa and published side-by-side with Shakespeare’s full text in by Marumo Publishing[http://www.marumo.co.za/Catalogue/tabid/269/ProductID/59/Default.aspx].
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===Plays focussed on Ophelia===
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'''''For more information on the following plays and their South African performances, follow the link to the entry on each play.''''' 
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'''''[[Ophelia Thinks Harder]]''''' by Jean Betts (1955-)[http://www.doollee.com/PlaywrightsB/betts-jean.html] is an adaptation created for the centennial of the 1993 woman's suffrage in New Zealand. Developed as a [[TIE]] exercise and reworked as published play by Betts. First performed in Wellington, New Zealand in 1993, and published in 1994 by The Women's Play Press.
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'''''[[The Secret Love Life of Ophelia]]''''' by [[Stephen Berkoff]] (1937-)[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Berkoff] is a reworking of the Hamlet and Ophelia love story, viewed through a series of erotic love-letters. First performed at the King's Head Theatre, London, on 25 June 2001, and published in the same year by Faber and Faber.
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== Translations into South African languages==
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For performances in English as well as in translation, see below "'''Performance history in South Africa'''"
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=== [[Afrikaans]] ===
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Besides various translations of passages from the play over the years (e.g. the "To Be or Not To Be" speech by [[Gustav Preller]], published in ''[[De Volkstem]]'' in 1906,  and two fragments from the play by [[C.J. Langenhoven]]), at least three full published translations of ''[[Hamlet]]'' into [[Afrikaans]] exist:
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''[[Hamlet Prins van Denemarke]]'' by [[L.I. Coertze]], published by the [[Stewart Printing Company]], Cape Town, in 1945 (with illustrations by Maud Sumner[https://www.everard-read.co.za/artist/MAUD_SUMNER/biography/]) Though the text was much criticised (''inter alia'' by [[P. du P. Grobler]] in ''[[Standpunte]]''), the play was first produced to much acclaim by [[André Huguenet]] and [[African Consolidated Theatres]] in 1947.
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''[[Hamlet]]'' by [[D.P. de Klerk]] published by Tafelberg, 1959.
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''[[Hamlet]]'' by [[Eitemal]],  published by Tafelberg, 1973.
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=== [[Southern Sotho]] ===
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Translated into [[Southern Sotho]] as ''[[Hamlet, kgosi ea Denmark]]'' by [[I. Mahloane]]. Published by [[Mazenod]] in 1964.
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== Performance history in South Africa ==
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As elsewhere in the world, this is one of the more popular of the tragedies and often performed in South Africa. Perhaps one of the more influential ''[[Hamlet]]'' productions was perhaps the [[Afrikaans]] production in 1947, for the critical and popular acclaim surrounding its success led directly to the founding of the [[National Theatre Organisation]], the first state-funded theatre company in the British Commonwealth. (See '''[[National Theatre Organisation]]''').
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In 1964 the 400th anniversary of Shakespeare's birthday saw major productions of the play put on by a number of companies as part of the Quadricentennial Celebrations.
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'''The performances'''
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1608: According to [[Jill Fletcher]] (quoting Keeling and Bonner) the first production of a European play in Southern Africa was when (scenes from) ''[[Hamlet]]'' were  when Captain William Keeling had it performed on board his British East India Company's ship the ''Red Dragon'' off the coast of Southern Africa in 1608, on his way to the Cape. "I invited Captain Hawkins to a fishe (sic) dinner, and had ''[[Hamlet]]'' acted abord (sic) me, which I permit to keep my people from idleness and unlawful games, or sleepe (sic). Later, in a calm spell between Sierra Leone and the Cape, the crew acted ''[[Richard II]]'', and there was a repeat performance of ''[[Hamlet]]'' off the east coast of southern Africa." (Some sources argue that a running Portuguese translation of the text was given by Lucas Fernandez for the performance in Sierra Leone.[https://shine.unibas.ch/translators.htm]) This was possibly the first recorded example of [[marine theatre]] in South Africa.
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1799: According to [[John Hamber]] in his book on ''The [[Port Elizabeth Shakespearean Festival]]'', a historic handbill stated that ''[[Hamlet]]'' was staged in Port Elizabeth in 1799. However, the whereabouts of this handbill is unknown. According to another book of the same title, but with no author acknowledged, it is stated that ''[[Hamlet]]'' was staged by the garrison at Fort Frederick and that it was directed by "the officers".
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1854: According to [[F.C.L. Bosman]] (1928, p. 426) the first recorded performance of  a substantial excerpt from ''[[Hamlet]]'' on land only occurred in 1854 in Cape Town, when Act 3 was performed by the [[City Amateur Theatrical Society]] on Wednesday, 26th July in the Dutch Company's [[Bree Street Theatre]] (corner of Dorp Street), Cape Town. It was followed by ''[[A  Race for Dinner]]'' (Rodwell),  ''[[The Secret]]'' (Morris), and ''[[Ion]]'' (Talfourd).
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1858: Apparently the first recorded (semi-)[[professional]] performance of the full play came with the arrival of [[Sefton Parry]] and his 1858 season of Shakespeare plays. (See for example Bosman, 1980: p.68, who cites Broom, 1899-1900: p.550.)
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1859: The closet scene was performed as part of the bill of ''[[An Evening of Tragedy, Melodrama and Light Comedy]]'', given in the [[Cape Town Theatre]] on 2 June by [[E.C. de Jocelyn Harvey]], with the support of local [[amateurs]] and members of the Cape Town Garrison. Other pieces done were a death scene from a melodrama entitled ''[[Friendship]]'' (Anon.), ''[[Town & Country, or Which is Best?]]'' (Morton) and an ''[[Macbeth Travestie|Extravaganza Macbeth]]'' (Talfourd). Supporting performers for the evening's entertainment included [[Mr Devere]], [[Miss Delmaine]], [[Mr Connorton]], [[Mr Keens]] and [[Mr Stenner]] (the latter three with permission of Colonel Graham of the local regiment).
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1861: In November the elocutionist and Shakespearean actor [[T. Brazier]], attached to the [[Sefton Parry]] company, presented a lecture on ''[[Hamlet]]'', including readings from the play, at the [[Mechanics' Institute]], Cape Town.
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1864: A reading of the play performed by [[Thomas Brazier]], as one of his series of [[Dramatic Readings]] held every alternate Monday in the Cape Town [[City Hall]] between 4 July and 7 November. (Other plays in the series of seven works read were Knowles's ''[[The Hunchback]]'', Bulwer-Lytton's ''[[The Lady of Lyons]]'' and five plays by Shakespeare: ''[[The Merchant of Venice]]'', ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'', ''[[King John]]'' and ''[[Much Ado about Nothing]]''.) 
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1865: [[Melville St John]] presented "Readings and Recitations" from ''[[Hamlet]] in the [[Theatre Royal]], Cape Town, during October. 
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1867: Scenes from the play were performed by the [[Le Roy and Duret]] company in the [[Theatre Royal]], Cape Town, on 3 September, with [[Madame Duret]] as "Queen Gertrude",  [[E.C. Yorke]] as "Hamlet", [[T. Brazier]] as "the Ghost" and [[J. Spencer]] as "Pelonius". Also performed were ''[[A Prince for an Hour]]'' (Morton, in this case erroneously listed as ''[[A Price for an Hour]]'' by Bosman, 1980:p.227) and ''[[The Actress of all Work]]'' (Oxberry). Both theatre and company were at the time temporarily under the sole management of [[Mrs Duret]]. 
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1868: The full play was performed in the [[Theatre Royal]], Cape Town, on 16 January by the newly assembled [[Le Roy and Duret]] company (with actors recruited in London by Le Roy the previous year). "Hamlet" was played by [[W.J.S. Bennee]], "Ophelia" by [[Fanny Raynor]] ([[Mrs Bennee]]), "The Ghost" by [[T. Brazier]] and no doubt [[Madame Duret]] once more as "Queen Gertrude". Also done were a dance by Miss Clara]] and ''[[The Silent System]]'' (Williams). It was to be the last production put on in the [[Harrington Street Theatre]] (or first [[Theatre Royal]]), before it burned down on **. 
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1868: A scene from the play was apparently done as part of a ''[[Musical and Dramatic Entertainment]]'' by the [[Le Roy and Duret]] company, presented under the patronage of Governor Wodehouse on 27 January in the [[Commercial Exchange]], Cape Town.   
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1868-69: Probably performed as part of their repertoire by the [[W.J.S. Bennee]] and [[Fanny Raynor]] (his wife),  done in association with local amateurs, while on a 15 month tour in the Eastern Cape and the Orange Free State. Definitely done when they presented a farewell benefit in Cape Town under the auspices of the Governor and the Freemasons in on 31 May, 1869. Also performed were ''[[Personation or Fairly Taken In]]'' (Dieulafoy/Decamp)  and ''[[How to Win a Widow]]'' (Allingham?).
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1870: A programme that included a speech from ''[[Hamlet]]'' (done by [[T. Brazier]]) was presented in Cape Town by the [[Young Men's Institute and Club Dramatic Company]] on 18 June.
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1870: Parts of acts 3 and 5 of ''[[Hamlet]]'', along with a scene from ''[[Henry VIII]]'' (Shakespeare), were performed  on 9 July under the patronage of the visiting Duke of Edinburgh, in the [[St Aloysius Hall]], Cape Town. It was a joint presentation was undertaken by the [[Young Men's Institute and Club Dramatic Company]] and the company of [[Benjamin Webster]] and the performers included [[Benjamin Webster]], [[T. Brazier]], [[Mrs  Brazier]], [[Mr Devere]] and [[James Leffler]], with [[E.C.  Yorke]] and [[Mr Davenport]] as guest performers.
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1876: Performed by [[Disney Roebuck]] and his company in the [[Athenaeum Hall]], Cape Town on 11 and 13 May and again on 12, 16 and 24 June. In a guest appearance, "Hamlet" was played by the talented tragedian [[Boothroyd Fairclough]] in the first four of these performances  (with [[J.B. Howe]] replacing Fairclough for the performance on the 24th of June). "Ophelia" was by [[Hilda Temple]], the "Gravedigger" by [[William Elton]] and (in the last performance presumably) the newly arrived [[George Yates]] played "King Claudius".
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1876: On 26 July [[Boothroyd Fairclough]] did scenes from Shakespeare's ''[[Hamlet]]'' and ''[[Macbeth]]'', presented as part of a programme in the Mutual Hall, Cape Town. The rest of the programme consisted of recited poetry ("Shamus O'Brien", "The Charge of the Light Brigade", etc.), in which he was supported by operatic arias from  [[Signora Neri]] and [[Signor Greco]] (accompanied by [[Mr Darter]] on piano).
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1876: [[Boothroyd Fairclough]] left Cape Town in August to travel to the Diamond Fields of Kimberley and  the South African interior with a programme that included (scenes from?) ''[[Hamlet]]''.
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1877: Performed by [[Disney Roebuck]] and his company in the [[Theatre Royal]], Cape Town,  on 7 November. 
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1892: Performed as part of the repertoire of the [[Potter-Bellew Company]], brought to South Africa by [[Luscombe Searelle]], [[Kyrle Bellew]] appearing as "Hamlet". They appeared in the [[Exhibition Theatre]], Cape Town, the last performance of ''[[Hamlet]]'' on 20 February, the night before the theatre burnt to the ground with all their costumes.     
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1895: Performed in Johannesburg by the company of [[W.J. Holloway]] of the [[Lyceum Theatre]] under the auspices of the [[Wheeler Theatre Company]], with [[Leonard Rayne]] as "Hamlet".
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1896: Performed by [[W.J. Holloway]] and his company under the auspices of the [[Ben Wheeler Theatre Company]] at the [[Opera House]] in  Cape Town, possibly with [[William Haviland]] as "Hamlet". 
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1899: Performed by [[William Haviland]]  and his company at the [[Opera House]] in  Cape Town at the start of the year.
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1906: Performed by [[William Haviland]]  and his company at the [[Opera House]] in  Cape Town as part of a season that ran from July to August. He was supported by the actress [[Edith Latimer]].
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1911: "Hamlet" played by [[Henry Herbert]]  at the [[Opera House]] in  Cape Town in November, in a production by the [[Edward Barnscombe Ltd]] 
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1947: Produced in [[Afrikaans]] by [[André Huguenet]], in conjunction with [[African Consolidated Theatres]], using the translation by Prof. [[L.I. Coertze]].  Directed by [[Anna Neethling-Pohl]] and [[Siegfried Mynhardt]], it opened at [[His Majesty’s Theatre]] in Johannesburg on 5 May 1947.  The cast consisted of [[André Huguenet]] (Hamlet), [[Anna Neethling-Pohl]] (Gertrude), [[Gideon Roos]] (Claudius), [[Berdine Grünewald]] (Ophelia), [[Jan Schutte]] (Horatio), [[M.P.O. Burgers]] (Polonius), [[Siegfried Mynhardt]] (Laertes), [[M.S. du Busson]] (Player King), [[Esther Mentz]] (Player Queen), [[Daniel Smit]] (Ghost), [[Emgee Pretorius]] (Osric), [[Willem Loots]] (Rosencrantz), [[Charles Williams]] (Guildenstern), [[Schalk Theron]] (Gravedigger 1), [[Stephen Kruger]] (Gravedigger 2), [[Daniel Aucamp]], [[Edward Hill]], [[Michal Grobbelaar]], [[Frederik van Dijk]], [[Eugenie Hauptfleisch]], [[Terry Reddan]], [[Willem Steyn]].  Costumes and sets were by [[Kobus Esterhuysen]].  It opened at the [[Opera House]], Pretoria on 27 May 1947.  When the cast was initially announced in December 1946, it was to include [[Johan Nell]] (Laertes), [[Antonius Ferreira]] (Player King), [[Marie Tjaden]] (Player Queen), [[Peter Quinton]] (Osric). 
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1956: Presented by [[East London Technical College Drama Club]] at the [[East London City Hall]], produced by [[Mary Howe]].
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1957: An abridged version was presented by the University of Stellenbosch Department of Speech and Drama's Arena '57, directed by [[Robert Mohr]]. Some of the cast members were [[Limpie Basson]], [[Cecile Buurman]], [[Jozua van der Lugt]] (???) and [[Roelf Laubscher]].
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1959: Presented by the [[University of Cape Town]]'s Speech and Drama Department at the [[Little Theatre]] in May, directed by [[Rosalie van der Gucht]].
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1962: Wits [[university Players]] directed by [[Peggy Marks]] and [[Stanley Peskin]].
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April 16 - 23, 1963: The [[Amateur Theatre Guild]] staged ''[[Hamlet]]'' at the [[Port Elizabeth City Hall]]. The play was produced by [[Will Jamieson]] with all proceeds going towards the Red Cross. Starring [[Frank Wise]] (Claudio), [[Justine Newman]] (Ophelia), [[Tony Jenner]] (Hamlet), [[Alf Porter]] (clown), [[Colin Ward]] (clown), [[Helen Wilkins]] (Lady-in-Waiting), [[Molly Kaufmann]] (Queen Gertrude), [[Inge Wolff]] (Lady-in-Waiting), [[Isobel Porter]] (Lady-in-Waiting), [[Jim Shorrock]] (Hamlet), [[Brian Gavin]] (Lartes), [[John Hamber]] (Polonius), [[Phil Jackson]] (Horatio).
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1964: Performed for the Shakespeare Quadricentennial Celebrations at the [[Maynardville Open-air Theatre]] in Cape Town, directed by [[Leslie French]], with [[Will Jamieson]] (Claudius), [[Michael McGovern]] (Hamlet), [[Alan Prior]] (Polonius), [[Roy Sargeant]] (Horatio), [[Michael Newell]] (Laertes), [[Cecilia Sonnenberg]] (Gertrude), [[Judith Gibson]] (Ophelia), [[Gordon Sixsmith]] (Rosencrantz), [[Drew Wood]] (Guildenstern), [[Mickey van der Westhuizen]] (Marcellus/Osric), [[Glynn Day]] (Barnardo), [[Peter Norman]] (Francisco), [[Andrew Wood]] (A Priest), [[Alan Wray]] (Ghost of Hamlet's Father) and others.
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1964: Performed for the Shakespeare Quadricentennial Celebrations by [[PACT]] in the [[Civic Theatre|Johannesburg Civic]] and the [[Aula]] in Pretoria, directed by [[Margaret Inglis]], with [[Francois Swart|François Swart]] (Hamlet), [[Reinet Maasdorp]] (Ophelia), [[Joe Stewardson]] (Claudius), [[Joan Blake]] (Gertrude), [[Bruce Anderson]] (Polonius), [[Michael Stevenson]] (Horatio), [[James White]] (Laertes), [[Ronald Wallace]] (Player King), [[John Hayter]] (Fortinbras), [[Arthur Hall]] (Osric), [[Billy Matthews]] (First gravedigger), [[Louis Ife]] (Second gravedigger), [[Roger Spence]] (Rosencrantz) and [[John Whiteley]] (Guildenstern). Sets by [[Raimond Schoop]] and [[Robert Langford]] and costumes by [[Margaret Louttit]].
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1964: Performed for the Shakespeare Quadricentennial Celebrations by the [[Natal Performing Arts Council]] as their first Shakespearian production, directed by [[Norman Marshall]], with, among others, [[Pieter Scholtz]] as "Hamlet", [[Carel Trichardt]], [[Roger Orton]], [[Fred Hagemann]] and [[Ivor Kissin]].
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1969: Staged by the [[University of Cape Town Drama Department]] in the [[Little Theatre]], directed by [[Robert Mohr]], with [[David Haynes]] (Hamlet), [[Limpie Basson]] (Claudius), [[Harry Victor]] (Polonius), [[Paul Slabolepszy]] (Horatio), [[Peter Krummeck]] (Laertes), [[Johan van Jaarsveld]] (Voltemand), [[Philip Graham]] (Rosencrantz), [[Nic Goodwin]] (Guildenstern), [[Anthony Fagin]] (Osric), [[John Eckley]] (Priest), [[Ian Peters]] (Marcellus), [[Christopher Prophet]] (Barnardo), [[Bill Flynn|William Flynn]] (Francisco), [[Farouk Valley-Omar]] (Reynaldo), [[Marko van der Colff]] (Player King), [[Michael Burke]] (Player Queen), [[Johan Bernard|Johann Bernard]] (Player Villain), [[Aubrey Berg]] (Player Prologue), [[Denis Raphaely]] (Player Prompter), [[Neels Bezuidenhout]] (Grave-digger), [[Mike Hough]] (Fortinbras), [[Richard Haines]] (Norwegian Captain), [[Janice Honeyman]] (Gertrude), [[Grethe Fox]] (Ophelia), [[Robert Mohr]] (Ghost), [[Iain Finley]] (Guard), [[Tim Huisamen]] (Guard), [[Pierre Knoesen]] (Guard), [[Rob Rawlinson]] (Guard), [[John Caviggia]] (Lord) and others. Sets designed by [[Limpie Basson]] and lighting by [[Pip Marshall]].
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1973: The [[Eitemal]] [[Afrikaans]] translation, adapted and edited for this production by [[Robert Mohr]], was staged by [[CAPAB]] in association with [[PACOFS]], directed by [[Robert Mohr|Mohr]], opening at the Bloemfontein [[Civic Theatre]] on Thursday 15 February 1973 and at the [[Nico Malan Theatre]] on Tuesday 13 March 1973 with [[Cobus Rossouw]] as Hamlet, also starring [[Pieter Joubert]] (Claudius), [[Jannie Gildenhuys]] (Polonius]], [[Errol Ross]] (Horatio), [[Neels Coetzee]] (Laertes), [[Roelf Laubscher]], [[Price Coetzee]], [[Anton Welman]], [[Raymond Davies]], [[William Egan]], [[Cobus Visser]], [[Johan Botha]], [[Ernst Eloff]], [[Annelize van der Ryst]], [[Pierre Knoesen]], [[Babs Laker]] and [[Annelisa Weiland]]. Decor and costumes designed by [[Stephen de Villiers]]. This production was also presented at the [[Ernest Oppenheimer Theatre|Ernst Oppenheimer Theatre]] in Welkom (28 February to 3 March) and the [[H.B. Thom Theatre]] 7 to 10 March).
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1974: Presented by [[NAPAC]] Drama at The [[Alhambra Theatre]], Durban,  directed by English director [[Peter Dews]], from 18 March 1974. It featured [[Hywel Bennett]] (as "Hamlet"), [[Peter Dews]] (as "Claudius") , [[Ingride Mollison]].
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1975: Staged by [[René Ahrenson]] and [[Cecilia Sonnenberg]] at the [[Maynardville Open-air Theatre]] in Cape Town, directed by [[Leslie French]].
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1977: Directed by [[Roy Sargeant]], starring [[Ralph Lawson]] (Hamlet), [[Helen Bourne]] (Ophelia), [[Peter Curtis]] (Claudius), [[Lois Butlin]] (Gertrude), [[Bill Jervis]] (Polonius), [[Neville Thomas]] (Horatio), [[Roger Dwyer]] (Laertes), [[Philip Godawa]] (Osric), [[John Whiteley]] (Fortinbras), [[Peter Cartwright]] (Rosenkrantz) and [[Peter Krummeck]] (Guildenstern). Designer [[Ken Robinson]], lighting [[John T. Baker]], stage manageress [[Lorraine Bellamy]]. Opened at the [[Nico Malan Theatre]] 27 August, touring the Cape Province 26 September to 22 October.
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1978: Staged by [[PACT]], directed by [[Robert Mohr]], with [[Michael Richard]] (as Hamlet), [[Ron Smerczak]], [[Michael McCabe]], [[Diane Britz]], [[Bobby Heaney]], [[Charles Whaley]], [[Clifford Lilley]], [[David Sherwood]], [[Alan Swerdlow]], [[Ian Steadman]], [[Jeff Shapiro]], [[Vaughan Girdlestone]], [[Frantz Dobrowsky]], [[Nigel Vermaas]], [[Ronald Wallace]], [[Gillian Harris]] and [[Lesley Nott]]. Designed by [[Johan Engels]] and lighting by [[Jannie Swanepoel]].
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1982: Painstakingly abridged by [[Michael O'Brien]] assisted by [[Peter Piccolo]], at the [[Glass Theatre]] opening on 3 February starring [[Peter Piccolo]] (Hamlet), [[Glynn Day]], [[Brümilda van Rensburg]], [[Tjaart Potgieter]], [[Joanna Weinberg]], [[Gary Carter]], [[David Alcock]], [[Seton Bailey]], [[Rodney-Mark Venner|Rodney Venner]], [[Silamour Philander]], [[Fats Bookholane]], [[Flora Barrow]], [[Gys de Villiers]]. Directed by [[Michael O'Brien]], set designed by [[Bee Berman]] and [[Anton Johnson]], costumes designed by [[Birrie le Roux]], lighting by [[Michael O'Brien]] and [[Leon Benzakein]]. Music by [[Alain Barker]].
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1983: Performed in [[Afrikaans]] (the  [[L.I. Coertze|Coertze]],  translation) by the [[University of the Orange Free State]] as the opening production of the [[Wynand Mouton Theatre]] in Bloemfontein on Thursday October 13.
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1987: The [[Eitemal]] [[Afrikaans]] translation was staged by [[PACT]], directed by [[Francois Swart]], with [[Marius Weyers]] (as Hamlet), [[Louis van Niekerk]], [[Don Lamprecht]], [[Ben Kruger]], [[Wilna Snyman]], [[Sandra Prinsloo]], [[Richard van der Westhuizen]], [[Bill Curry]], [[William Cronje]], [[Pierre Knoesen]], [[Tobie Cronje]], [[Tjaart Potgieter]], [[Percy Pretorius]], [[Frans Kalp]], [[Andre Odendaal]], [[Johan Malherbe]], [[Usha Khan]] and [[Aletta Bosch]]. Designed by [[Chris van den Berg]].
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1989: Performed in [[The Playhouse]] by [[NAPAC]], directed by [[Murray McGibbon]] with [[Frantz Dobrowsky]] as "Hamlet",
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1992: Presented by [[CAPAB]] Drama, opening at the [[Nico Malan Theatre|Nico Theatre]] on 18 July, with a cast that included [[Ralph Lawson]], [[André Jacobs]], [[Keith Grenville]], [[Diane Wilson]], [[Blaise Koch]], [[Peter Butler]] and [[Mark Hoeben]]. Also presented at the [[Standard Bank National Arts Festival]], Grahamstown in July.
 +
 +
1992: Performed at the [[Baxter Theatre]], directed by [[Christopher Weare|Chris Weare]] with [[Ralph Lawson]], [[Diane Wilson]], [[Michelle Scott]], [[Gys de Villiers]], [[Blaise Koch]], [[Neels Coetzee]]. Also played at the [[Grahamstown Festival]] in July.
 +
 +
1992: Performed by the [[Rhodes University Drama Department]], directed by [[Ilse van Hemert]] the [[Rhodes University Theatre]], starring [[Adam Neill]] as Hamlet, [[Lanon Prigge]] as Osric, [[Gary Wright]] as Laertes, [[Justin Cohen]] as Horatio, [[Alasdair Gordon-Finlay]] as the son of Claudius, [[Ana Carrilho]] as Gertrude and others.
 +
 +
1994: Directed by [[David Peimer]] for [[SODA]], [[Wits Theatre Complex|Downstairs Theatre]], Johannesburg.
 +
 +
1999: Directed by [[Tina Johnson]] at the [[Wits Theatre Complex|Amphitheatre]], Wits, Johannesburg.
 +
 +
2005: Staged by The [[Baxter Theatre Centre]] in association with The [[National Arts Festival]], directed by [[Janet Suzman]], with [[Rajesh Gopie]] (Hamlet), [[John Kani]] (Claudius), [[Dorothy-Ann Gould]] (Gertrude), [[Royston Stoffels]] (Polonius), [[Roshina Ratnam]] (Ophelia), [[Clyde Berning]] (Laertes), [[Adam Neill]] (Horatio), [[Marcel Meyer]](Rosencrantz), [[Brett Goldin]] (Guildenstern), [[Tauriq Jenkins]] (Osric and other roles), [[Mbulelo Grootboom]] (Fortinbras and other roles), [[Adrian Collins]] (Player King and other roles) and [[Duncan Macfarlane]] (Attendant and other roles). Design by [[Peter Cazalet]] and lighting by [[Mannie Manim]]. The run at the [[National Arts Festival]] was from 30 June to 9 July.
 +
 +
2006: The [[Baxter Theatre]] production, as directed by [[Janet Suzman]], performed as part of RSC ''The Complete Works Festival'', April 2006-March 2007, at the Swan Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon, England.
 +
 +
2006: Performed by [[Artscape]] at the [[Artscape Theatre]] in May, directed by [[Roy Sargeant]], with [[David Johnson]], [[Peter Butler]], [[Anthea Thompson]], [[Julia Anastasopoulos]], [[Jeroen Kranenburg]]. Set design by [[Paul Regenass]].
 +
 +
2007: Performed by [[ArtsCape]] in the [[ArtsCape Theatre]], directed by [[Roy Sargeant]] with [[David Johnson]], [[Peter Butler]], [[Deirdre Wolhuter]], [[Ralph Lawson]], [[Brendan Murray]], [[Julia Anastasopoulos]].
 +
 +
2012: ''[[iHamlet]]'' (Shakespeare/[[Robin Malan|Malan]]) presented at  [[The Fringe]] at [[Joburg Theatre]] in  May by [[Jade Bowers]] Design and Management, performed by [[Ashraf Johaardien]].
 +
 +
2013  Performed by the [[Port Elizabeth Shakespearean Festival]] (PESF) in the [[Noel Morgan Auditorium]] at the  [[Little Theatre]] of the [[Port Elizabeth Musical and Dramatic Society]] ([[PEMADS]]). Directed by [[Linda-Louise Swain]], with  [[Andrew White]], [[Cameron Robertson]], [[Lesley Barnard]], [[Gift Buqa]], [[Jessica Rijs]], [[David Emery]], [[Dennis Slattery]] and [[Ray Saunders]].
 +
 +
2015: Performed at the [[Grahamstown Festival]] in adapted form as ''[[Hamlet, Prince of Denmark]]'' ("As performed by the crew aboard ''The Red Dragon'' off the east coast of South Africa, 1608")  by [[AMP Productions]]. Directed by [[Fred Abrahamse]],  with [[Marcel Meyer]] ("Hamlet"), [[Michael Richard]] ("Claudius"),  [[Dean Balie]] ("Polonius"/"Horatio") [[Jeremy Richard]] ("Laertes") [[Matthew Baldwin]] ("Ophelia"), [[Callum Tilbury]] ("Gertrude).
 +
 +
2016: ''[[Hamlet, Prince of Denmark]]'' by tours Europe.
 +
 +
2017: ''[[Hamlet, Prince of Denmark]]'' performed at the [[Theatre on the Bay]] (Cape Town) and [[Montecasino Theatre]] (Johannesburg)
 +
 +
2017:  Performed (in tandem with [[Othello]]) by [[Think Theatre]], in association with [[The Playhouse Company]], at Hilton and Durban in February and March, also touring to a number of country venues in KwaZulu-Natal, during this period, before transferring to Gauteng for runs in Johannesburg and Pretoria in May. Directed by Clare Mortimer,  with [[Bryan Hiles]], [[Cara Roberts]], [[Clare Mortimer]], [[Michael Gritten]], [[Nhlakanipho Manqele]], [[Darren King]], [[Marc Kay]], [[Chris van Rensburg]], [[Rowan Barlett]], [[Straw Nzimande]] and [[Kirsty Ndawo]].
 +
 +
2020: ''[[Hip Hop Hamlet]]'' was shown at [[The National School of the Arts’ Festival of the Arts]] at the [[Joburg Theatre]] 4-8 March 2020. Created and directed by [[Laine Butler]] and [[Johan Anker]], with choreographer  [[Lucinda Eatock]].
 +
 +
2022: Produced by [[Janni Younge]] at the [[National Arts Festival]] with actors and giant puppets; [[Mongi Mthombeni]] and [[Siyamthanda Sinani]] as Hamlet, [[Andrew Buckland]] as Claudius and [[Roshina Ratnam]] as Gertrude.
  
 
== Adaptations ==
 
== Adaptations ==
  
−
Tom Stoppard's 1966 play Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead  
+
===For stage===
 +
 
 +
There are numerous international and South African stage adaptations of Shakespeare's play or its plot. Among those produced in South Africa have been:
 +
 
 +
''(Click on the '''title''' to see the entry on the adapted play.)'' 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
'''''[[Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead]]''''' by Tom Stoppard (1966)
 +
 
 +
'''''[[Dogg's Hamlet, Cahoot's Macbeth]]''''' by Tom Stoppard (1966)
 +
 
 +
'''''[[Hamletmachine]]''''' by Heiner Müller
 +
 +
'''''[[The Marowitz Hamlet]]''''' by [[Charles Marowitz]]
  
−
There have also been the various adaptations and **s such as **, [[Dogg's Hamlet- Cahoot's Macbeth]] ([[PACOFS]], 198*),  **
+
'''''[[Elsinore]]''''' by Robert Lepage
 +
 +
'''''[[The Secret Love Life of Ophelia]]''''' by [[Steven Berkoff]]  
  
−
''The Marowitz Hamlet'', written by American critic, theatre director, and playwright Charles Marowitz, was the [[University of Stellenbosch Drama Department|U.S. Drama]] entry for the 2004 [[National Arts Festival]] Student Drama. It was directed by [[Floyd de Vaal|Floyed de Vaal]].
+
'''''[[Ophelia Thinks Harder]]''''' by Jean Betts
  
 +
'''''[[The Prince of West End Avenue]]''''' by Alan Isler.
  
−
== Translations ==
+
'''''[[iHamlet]]''''' by [[Robin Malan]]
  
 +
'''''[[Hamlet, Prince of Denmark]]''''' by [[Fred Abrahamse]] and [[Marcel Meyer]].
  
−
=== Afrikaans ===
+
'''''[[The House of O: A Reconstruction of Hamlet]]''''' by [[Hanlé Barnard]]
  
−
At least three published translations of ''Hamlet'' into Afrikaans exist, viz. that by [[Eitemal]] (published by Tafelberg, 1973), [[D.P. de Klerk]] (Tafelberg, 1959) and [[L.I. Coertze]], (published by Stewart, Cape Town in 1945).
+
'''''[[Kind Hamlet]]''''', a docu-drama by [[Marthinus Basson]] and cast
  
 +
===For South African Radio and TV===
  
−
=== Southern Sotho ===
+
1983: Produced as '''''[[Hamlet: Prince of Denmark]]''''' by [[SABC TV]], directed by [[Ken Leach]] with [[Andrew Buckland]] ("Hamlet"), [[Michael Atkinson]] ("Claudius"), [[Shelagh Holliday]] ("Gertrude"), [[Michael McCabe]] ("Polonius"), [[Annelisa Weiland]] ("Ophelia"), [[Michael Richard]] ("Laertes"), [[Neville Thomas]] ("Horatio") and [[John Carson]] ("The Ghost"). Other players included [[Richard Cox]], David Sherwood, Kerry Jordan, Simon Lee, Ross Kettle, Bill Flynn, Jeremy Crutchley, Neil McCarthy, Norman Coombes, Jeff Shapiro, Bobby Heaney, Ronald Wallace, Arthur Hall, Ian Steadman, Michael Brunner, Nico Lovell, Clive Morris, Cobus Oosthuizen, Ingrid Saunders, Murray Steyn, Jan van Deventer and Johann van Wyk. 
  
 +
The literary advisor on the production was [[Ian Ferguson]], music by Michael Tuffin,  editing by Sandra de Kock and Nicholas Prince and costume design by
 +
Diane Prince.
  
−
Translated into [[Southern Sotho]] as ''[[Hamlet, kgosi ea Denmark]]'' by [[I Mahloane]]. Published by [[Mazenod]] in 1964.
+
Broadcast by the SABC on 13 November 1983.  
  
−
== Sources ==
+
See IMDb[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6355472/]
  
 +
= Sources =
  
 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet
 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet
  
−
http://www.pe-express.co.za/articles/articledetails.aspx?id=45893
+
https://shine.unibas.ch/translators.htm
 +
 
 +
https://www.everard-read.co.za/artist/MAUD_SUMNER/biography/
 +
 
 +
''[[P.E. Express]]'' [http://www.pe-express.co.za/articles/articledetails.aspx?id=45893]
 +
 
 +
"The Secret Love Life of Ophelia" in ''Entertainment IAfrica'' [http://entertainment.iafrica.com/artzine/theatre/previews/62623.html] (Accessed Fri, 06 May 2005 12:05 AM)
 +
 
 +
"The sordid side of Hamlet - ''The Secret Love Life of Ophelia'', King's Head, London", Review in ''The Guardian'' [http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2001/jul/10/theatre.artsfeatures]
 +
 
 +
http://www.amazon.com/The-Secret-Love-Life-Ophelia/dp/0571209548
 +
 
 +
Review: ''[[Hamlet]]'' in the ''[[Sunday Times]]'', 11 May 1947
 +
 
 +
Review: ''[[Hamlet]]'' in ''[[The Argus]] Tonight!'', 24 April 2007[http://www.iol.co.za/tonight/news/hamlet-947981]
 +
 
 +
[[Ludwig Wilhelm  Berthold Binge]]. 1969. ''Ontwikkeling van die Afrikaanse toneel (1832-1950)''. Pretoria: J.L. van Schaik: pp. 184, 245.
 +
 
 +
[[D.C. Boonzaier]]. 1923. "My playgoing days – 30 years in the history of the Cape Town stage",  in ''SA Review'', 9 March and 24 August 1923. (Reprinted in [[F.C.L. Bosman|Bosman]] 1980: pp. 374-439.)
 +
 
 +
[[F.C.L. Bosman]]. 1928. ''Drama en Toneel in Suid-Afrika'', Deel I: 1652-1855. Pretoria: [[J.H. de Bussy]]. [http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/bosm012dram01_01/].
 +
 
 +
[[F.C.L. Bosman]]. 1980. ''Drama en Toneel in Suid-Afrika, Deel II, 1856-1916''. Pretoria: [[J.L. van Schaik]].
 +
 
 +
[[Jill Fletcher]]. 1994. ''The Story of Theatre in South Africa: A Guide to its History from 1780-1930''. Cape Town: Vlaeberg: p. 
 +
 
 +
[[P. du P. Grobler]] " ''Hamlet'' in Afrikaans", ''[[Standpunte]]'' Jaargang 2 No. 1.: pp 50-59.
 +
 
 +
[[William Groom]]. 1899-1900. "Drama in Cape Town". ''Cape Illustrated Magazine'', 10(4): 478-481, 517-520, 547-552, 580-584, 640-643, 670-672, 706-708.
 +
 
 +
[[Loren Kruger]] 1999. The Drama of South Africa: Plays, Pageants and Publics Since 1910 London: Routledge
 +
 
 +
[[ACT]] programme, 1947.
 +
 
 +
[[Maynardville]] theatre programme, 1964.
 +
 
 +
[[PACT]] theatre programme, 1964.
 +
 
 +
Theatre programme held by [[NELM]]: [Collection: SNEDDON, Elizabeth]: 2007. 11. 8. 4. (NAPAC production, 1964).
 +
 
 +
[[University of Cape Town]] theatre programme, 1969.
 +
 
 +
[[PACOFS]]/[[CAPAB]] programme, 1973.
 +
 
 +
[[CAPAB]] theatre programme, 1977.
 +
 
 +
[[PACT]] theatre programme, 1978.
 +
 
 +
[[Glass Theatre]] programme, 1982.
 +
 
 +
[[PACT]] theatre programme, 1987.
 +
 
 +
[[Petru Wessels|Petru]] & [[Carel Trichardt]] theatre programme collection.
 +
 
 +
Photograph ([[NAF]] 1992) held by [[NELM]]: Photograph collection [Collection: ISEA]: 2016. 41. 20. 13. 2. 1. 1.
 +
 
 +
M.E. Oudkerk. 1993. ''Shakespeare in Afrikaans: A Descriptive Analysis of the Imagery in "The Tempest"'' An unpublished MA dissertation in Translation. University of the Witwatersrand.
 +
Johannesburg, 1993
 +
 
 +
[[Baxter Theatre Centre]] programme, 2005.
 +
 
 +
"''Hamlet''", ''What's On'' - Western Cape, 3 May 2006[http://www.iol.co.za/tonight/what-s-on/western-cape/hamlet-938923]
 +
 
 +
http://news.artsmart.co.za/2008/09/murray-mcgibbon-pays-tribute-to-john.html
 +
 
 +
http://www.assitej.org.za/xnews.php?ident=11650
 +
 
 +
[[Nicole John]]. 2017. "Think Theatre presents ‘Hamlet & Othello’" [[News24]] and [[City Press]][http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Local/Maritzburg-Fever/think-theatre-presents-hamlet-othello-20170124] (Accessed:  2017-01-25 06:03)
 +
 
 +
http://shakespeare.org.za/new-productions
 +
 
 +
''[[Die Burger]], 1 July 2022.
 +
 
 +
[[Arts Theatre Club]] archive held by [[George Mountjoy]].
 +
 
 +
[[Jill Kreuz]]. 1983. ''Shakespeare on South African television'', Unpublished Master's Thesis, [[University of Cape Town]][http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21692],
 +
 
 +
https://open.uct.ac.za/items/111b9a48-a578-4e82-8f12-a65058d06dfa]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
Go to the [[ESAT Bibliography]]
 +
 
 +
= Return to =
 +
 
 +
Return to [[PLAYS I: Original SA plays]]
  
−
== Return to ==
+
Return to [[PLAYS II: Foreign plays]]
  
 +
Return to [[PLAYS III: Collections]]
  
−
Return to [[ESAT Plays 1 H|H]] in Plays 1 Original SA Plays
+
Return to [[PLAYS IV: Pageants and public performances]]
  
−
Return to [[ESAT Plays 2 H|H]] in Plays 2 Foreign Plays
+
Return to [[South_African_Festivals|South African Festivals and Competitions]]
  
−
Return to [[South_African_Theatre/Plays]]
+
Return to [[The ESAT Entries]]
  
 
Return to [[Main Page]]
 
Return to [[Main Page]]

Latest revision as of 07:31, 25 July 2024

Hamlet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare (1564 – 1616)[1].

Full title The Tragical History of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark or The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, usually shortened to Hamlet.

The original text

Written and first performed some time between 1599 and 1602. The first complete published text, the 2nd ("Good") Quarto of 1604/5, carries the title The Tragical Historie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke. The first folio of 1623 has The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke, while later editions have the more familiar modern spelling, given above.

It is believed that Shakespeare based the play on the legend of Amleth, preserved by 13th-century chronicler Saxo Grammaticus in his Gesta Danorum as subsequently retold by 16th-century scholar François de Belleforest.

Translations, adaptations, parodies, etc

There have of course been numerous adaptations and translations of the text. It has also been parodied, satirized and turned into burlesques.

Plays focussed on Hamlet

Hamlet the Dainty was an Ethiopian burlesque on Shakespeare's Hamlet, performed by Griffin & Christy's Minstrels by G.W.H. Griffin.

A modernised version of Hamlet (in "Modern English") was done by Walter Saunders, a poet and former teacher of English at schools and universities in South Africa and published side-by-side with Shakespeare’s full text in by Marumo Publishing[2].

Plays focussed on Ophelia

For more information on the following plays and their South African performances, follow the link to the entry on each play.

Ophelia Thinks Harder by Jean Betts (1955-)[3] is an adaptation created for the centennial of the 1993 woman's suffrage in New Zealand. Developed as a TIE exercise and reworked as published play by Betts. First performed in Wellington, New Zealand in 1993, and published in 1994 by The Women's Play Press.


The Secret Love Life of Ophelia by Stephen Berkoff (1937-)[4] is a reworking of the Hamlet and Ophelia love story, viewed through a series of erotic love-letters. First performed at the King's Head Theatre, London, on 25 June 2001, and published in the same year by Faber and Faber.

Translations into South African languages

For performances in English as well as in translation, see below "Performance history in South Africa"

Afrikaans

Besides various translations of passages from the play over the years (e.g. the "To Be or Not To Be" speech by Gustav Preller, published in De Volkstem in 1906, and two fragments from the play by C.J. Langenhoven), at least three full published translations of Hamlet into Afrikaans exist:

Hamlet Prins van Denemarke by L.I. Coertze, published by the Stewart Printing Company, Cape Town, in 1945 (with illustrations by Maud Sumner[5]) Though the text was much criticised (inter alia by P. du P. Grobler in Standpunte), the play was first produced to much acclaim by André Huguenet and African Consolidated Theatres in 1947.

Hamlet by D.P. de Klerk published by Tafelberg, 1959.

Hamlet by Eitemal, published by Tafelberg, 1973.

Southern Sotho

Translated into Southern Sotho as Hamlet, kgosi ea Denmark by I. Mahloane. Published by Mazenod in 1964.

Performance history in South Africa

As elsewhere in the world, this is one of the more popular of the tragedies and often performed in South Africa. Perhaps one of the more influential Hamlet productions was perhaps the Afrikaans production in 1947, for the critical and popular acclaim surrounding its success led directly to the founding of the National Theatre Organisation, the first state-funded theatre company in the British Commonwealth. (See National Theatre Organisation).

In 1964 the 400th anniversary of Shakespeare's birthday saw major productions of the play put on by a number of companies as part of the Quadricentennial Celebrations.

The performances

1608: According to Jill Fletcher (quoting Keeling and Bonner) the first production of a European play in Southern Africa was when (scenes from) Hamlet were when Captain William Keeling had it performed on board his British East India Company's ship the Red Dragon off the coast of Southern Africa in 1608, on his way to the Cape. "I invited Captain Hawkins to a fishe (sic) dinner, and had Hamlet acted abord (sic) me, which I permit to keep my people from idleness and unlawful games, or sleepe (sic). Later, in a calm spell between Sierra Leone and the Cape, the crew acted Richard II, and there was a repeat performance of Hamlet off the east coast of southern Africa." (Some sources argue that a running Portuguese translation of the text was given by Lucas Fernandez for the performance in Sierra Leone.[6]) This was possibly the first recorded example of marine theatre in South Africa.

1799: According to John Hamber in his book on The Port Elizabeth Shakespearean Festival, a historic handbill stated that Hamlet was staged in Port Elizabeth in 1799. However, the whereabouts of this handbill is unknown. According to another book of the same title, but with no author acknowledged, it is stated that Hamlet was staged by the garrison at Fort Frederick and that it was directed by "the officers".

1854: According to F.C.L. Bosman (1928, p. 426) the first recorded performance of a substantial excerpt from Hamlet on land only occurred in 1854 in Cape Town, when Act 3 was performed by the City Amateur Theatrical Society on Wednesday, 26th July in the Dutch Company's Bree Street Theatre (corner of Dorp Street), Cape Town. It was followed by A Race for Dinner (Rodwell), The Secret (Morris), and Ion (Talfourd).

1858: Apparently the first recorded (semi-)professional performance of the full play came with the arrival of Sefton Parry and his 1858 season of Shakespeare plays. (See for example Bosman, 1980: p.68, who cites Broom, 1899-1900: p.550.)

1859: The closet scene was performed as part of the bill of An Evening of Tragedy, Melodrama and Light Comedy, given in the Cape Town Theatre on 2 June by E.C. de Jocelyn Harvey, with the support of local amateurs and members of the Cape Town Garrison. Other pieces done were a death scene from a melodrama entitled Friendship (Anon.), Town & Country, or Which is Best? (Morton) and an Extravaganza Macbeth (Talfourd). Supporting performers for the evening's entertainment included Mr Devere, Miss Delmaine, Mr Connorton, Mr Keens and Mr Stenner (the latter three with permission of Colonel Graham of the local regiment).

1861: In November the elocutionist and Shakespearean actor T. Brazier, attached to the Sefton Parry company, presented a lecture on Hamlet, including readings from the play, at the Mechanics' Institute, Cape Town.

1864: A reading of the play performed by Thomas Brazier, as one of his series of Dramatic Readings held every alternate Monday in the Cape Town City Hall between 4 July and 7 November. (Other plays in the series of seven works read were Knowles's The Hunchback, Bulwer-Lytton's The Lady of Lyons and five plays by Shakespeare: The Merchant of Venice, Romeo and Juliet, King John and Much Ado about Nothing.)


1865: Melville St John presented "Readings and Recitations" from Hamlet in the Theatre Royal, Cape Town, during October.

1867: Scenes from the play were performed by the Le Roy and Duret company in the Theatre Royal, Cape Town, on 3 September, with Madame Duret as "Queen Gertrude", E.C. Yorke as "Hamlet", T. Brazier as "the Ghost" and J. Spencer as "Pelonius". Also performed were A Prince for an Hour (Morton, in this case erroneously listed as A Price for an Hour by Bosman, 1980:p.227) and The Actress of all Work (Oxberry). Both theatre and company were at the time temporarily under the sole management of Mrs Duret.

1868: The full play was performed in the Theatre Royal, Cape Town, on 16 January by the newly assembled Le Roy and Duret company (with actors recruited in London by Le Roy the previous year). "Hamlet" was played by W.J.S. Bennee, "Ophelia" by Fanny Raynor (Mrs Bennee), "The Ghost" by T. Brazier and no doubt Madame Duret once more as "Queen Gertrude". Also done were a dance by Miss Clara]] and The Silent System (Williams). It was to be the last production put on in the Harrington Street Theatre (or first Theatre Royal), before it burned down on **.

1868: A scene from the play was apparently done as part of a Musical and Dramatic Entertainment by the Le Roy and Duret company, presented under the patronage of Governor Wodehouse on 27 January in the Commercial Exchange, Cape Town.

1868-69: Probably performed as part of their repertoire by the W.J.S. Bennee and Fanny Raynor (his wife), done in association with local amateurs, while on a 15 month tour in the Eastern Cape and the Orange Free State. Definitely done when they presented a farewell benefit in Cape Town under the auspices of the Governor and the Freemasons in on 31 May, 1869. Also performed were Personation or Fairly Taken In (Dieulafoy/Decamp) and How to Win a Widow (Allingham?).

1870: A programme that included a speech from Hamlet (done by T. Brazier) was presented in Cape Town by the Young Men's Institute and Club Dramatic Company on 18 June.

1870: Parts of acts 3 and 5 of Hamlet, along with a scene from Henry VIII (Shakespeare), were performed on 9 July under the patronage of the visiting Duke of Edinburgh, in the St Aloysius Hall, Cape Town. It was a joint presentation was undertaken by the Young Men's Institute and Club Dramatic Company and the company of Benjamin Webster and the performers included Benjamin Webster, T. Brazier, Mrs Brazier, Mr Devere and James Leffler, with E.C. Yorke and Mr Davenport as guest performers.

1876: Performed by Disney Roebuck and his company in the Athenaeum Hall, Cape Town on 11 and 13 May and again on 12, 16 and 24 June. In a guest appearance, "Hamlet" was played by the talented tragedian Boothroyd Fairclough in the first four of these performances (with J.B. Howe replacing Fairclough for the performance on the 24th of June). "Ophelia" was by Hilda Temple, the "Gravedigger" by William Elton and (in the last performance presumably) the newly arrived George Yates played "King Claudius".

1876: On 26 July Boothroyd Fairclough did scenes from Shakespeare's Hamlet and Macbeth, presented as part of a programme in the Mutual Hall, Cape Town. The rest of the programme consisted of recited poetry ("Shamus O'Brien", "The Charge of the Light Brigade", etc.), in which he was supported by operatic arias from Signora Neri and Signor Greco (accompanied by Mr Darter on piano).

1876: Boothroyd Fairclough left Cape Town in August to travel to the Diamond Fields of Kimberley and the South African interior with a programme that included (scenes from?) Hamlet.

1877: Performed by Disney Roebuck and his company in the Theatre Royal, Cape Town, on 7 November.

1892: Performed as part of the repertoire of the Potter-Bellew Company, brought to South Africa by Luscombe Searelle, Kyrle Bellew appearing as "Hamlet". They appeared in the Exhibition Theatre, Cape Town, the last performance of Hamlet on 20 February, the night before the theatre burnt to the ground with all their costumes.

1895: Performed in Johannesburg by the company of W.J. Holloway of the Lyceum Theatre under the auspices of the Wheeler Theatre Company, with Leonard Rayne as "Hamlet".

1896: Performed by W.J. Holloway and his company under the auspices of the Ben Wheeler Theatre Company at the Opera House in Cape Town, possibly with William Haviland as "Hamlet".

1899: Performed by William Haviland and his company at the Opera House in Cape Town at the start of the year.

1906: Performed by William Haviland and his company at the Opera House in Cape Town as part of a season that ran from July to August. He was supported by the actress Edith Latimer.

1911: "Hamlet" played by Henry Herbert at the Opera House in Cape Town in November, in a production by the Edward Barnscombe Ltd

1947: Produced in Afrikaans by André Huguenet, in conjunction with African Consolidated Theatres, using the translation by Prof. L.I. Coertze. Directed by Anna Neethling-Pohl and Siegfried Mynhardt, it opened at His Majesty’s Theatre in Johannesburg on 5 May 1947. The cast consisted of André Huguenet (Hamlet), Anna Neethling-Pohl (Gertrude), Gideon Roos (Claudius), Berdine Grünewald (Ophelia), Jan Schutte (Horatio), M.P.O. Burgers (Polonius), Siegfried Mynhardt (Laertes), M.S. du Busson (Player King), Esther Mentz (Player Queen), Daniel Smit (Ghost), Emgee Pretorius (Osric), Willem Loots (Rosencrantz), Charles Williams (Guildenstern), Schalk Theron (Gravedigger 1), Stephen Kruger (Gravedigger 2), Daniel Aucamp, Edward Hill, Michal Grobbelaar, Frederik van Dijk, Eugenie Hauptfleisch, Terry Reddan, Willem Steyn. Costumes and sets were by Kobus Esterhuysen. It opened at the Opera House, Pretoria on 27 May 1947. When the cast was initially announced in December 1946, it was to include Johan Nell (Laertes), Antonius Ferreira (Player King), Marie Tjaden (Player Queen), Peter Quinton (Osric).

1956: Presented by East London Technical College Drama Club at the East London City Hall, produced by Mary Howe.

1957: An abridged version was presented by the University of Stellenbosch Department of Speech and Drama's Arena '57, directed by Robert Mohr. Some of the cast members were Limpie Basson, Cecile Buurman, Jozua van der Lugt (???) and Roelf Laubscher.

1959: Presented by the University of Cape Town's Speech and Drama Department at the Little Theatre in May, directed by Rosalie van der Gucht.

1962: Wits university Players directed by Peggy Marks and Stanley Peskin.

April 16 - 23, 1963: The Amateur Theatre Guild staged Hamlet at the Port Elizabeth City Hall. The play was produced by Will Jamieson with all proceeds going towards the Red Cross. Starring Frank Wise (Claudio), Justine Newman (Ophelia), Tony Jenner (Hamlet), Alf Porter (clown), Colin Ward (clown), Helen Wilkins (Lady-in-Waiting), Molly Kaufmann (Queen Gertrude), Inge Wolff (Lady-in-Waiting), Isobel Porter (Lady-in-Waiting), Jim Shorrock (Hamlet), Brian Gavin (Lartes), John Hamber (Polonius), Phil Jackson (Horatio).

1964: Performed for the Shakespeare Quadricentennial Celebrations at the Maynardville Open-air Theatre in Cape Town, directed by Leslie French, with Will Jamieson (Claudius), Michael McGovern (Hamlet), Alan Prior (Polonius), Roy Sargeant (Horatio), Michael Newell (Laertes), Cecilia Sonnenberg (Gertrude), Judith Gibson (Ophelia), Gordon Sixsmith (Rosencrantz), Drew Wood (Guildenstern), Mickey van der Westhuizen (Marcellus/Osric), Glynn Day (Barnardo), Peter Norman (Francisco), Andrew Wood (A Priest), Alan Wray (Ghost of Hamlet's Father) and others.

1964: Performed for the Shakespeare Quadricentennial Celebrations by PACT in the Johannesburg Civic and the Aula in Pretoria, directed by Margaret Inglis, with François Swart (Hamlet), Reinet Maasdorp (Ophelia), Joe Stewardson (Claudius), Joan Blake (Gertrude), Bruce Anderson (Polonius), Michael Stevenson (Horatio), James White (Laertes), Ronald Wallace (Player King), John Hayter (Fortinbras), Arthur Hall (Osric), Billy Matthews (First gravedigger), Louis Ife (Second gravedigger), Roger Spence (Rosencrantz) and John Whiteley (Guildenstern). Sets by Raimond Schoop and Robert Langford and costumes by Margaret Louttit.

1964: Performed for the Shakespeare Quadricentennial Celebrations by the Natal Performing Arts Council as their first Shakespearian production, directed by Norman Marshall, with, among others, Pieter Scholtz as "Hamlet", Carel Trichardt, Roger Orton, Fred Hagemann and Ivor Kissin.

1969: Staged by the University of Cape Town Drama Department in the Little Theatre, directed by Robert Mohr, with David Haynes (Hamlet), Limpie Basson (Claudius), Harry Victor (Polonius), Paul Slabolepszy (Horatio), Peter Krummeck (Laertes), Johan van Jaarsveld (Voltemand), Philip Graham (Rosencrantz), Nic Goodwin (Guildenstern), Anthony Fagin (Osric), John Eckley (Priest), Ian Peters (Marcellus), Christopher Prophet (Barnardo), William Flynn (Francisco), Farouk Valley-Omar (Reynaldo), Marko van der Colff (Player King), Michael Burke (Player Queen), Johann Bernard (Player Villain), Aubrey Berg (Player Prologue), Denis Raphaely (Player Prompter), Neels Bezuidenhout (Grave-digger), Mike Hough (Fortinbras), Richard Haines (Norwegian Captain), Janice Honeyman (Gertrude), Grethe Fox (Ophelia), Robert Mohr (Ghost), Iain Finley (Guard), Tim Huisamen (Guard), Pierre Knoesen (Guard), Rob Rawlinson (Guard), John Caviggia (Lord) and others. Sets designed by Limpie Basson and lighting by Pip Marshall.

1973: The Eitemal Afrikaans translation, adapted and edited for this production by Robert Mohr, was staged by CAPAB in association with PACOFS, directed by Mohr, opening at the Bloemfontein Civic Theatre on Thursday 15 February 1973 and at the Nico Malan Theatre on Tuesday 13 March 1973 with Cobus Rossouw as Hamlet, also starring Pieter Joubert (Claudius), Jannie Gildenhuys (Polonius]], Errol Ross (Horatio), Neels Coetzee (Laertes), Roelf Laubscher, Price Coetzee, Anton Welman, Raymond Davies, William Egan, Cobus Visser, Johan Botha, Ernst Eloff, Annelize van der Ryst, Pierre Knoesen, Babs Laker and Annelisa Weiland. Decor and costumes designed by Stephen de Villiers. This production was also presented at the Ernst Oppenheimer Theatre in Welkom (28 February to 3 March) and the H.B. Thom Theatre 7 to 10 March).

1974: Presented by NAPAC Drama at The Alhambra Theatre, Durban, directed by English director Peter Dews, from 18 March 1974. It featured Hywel Bennett (as "Hamlet"), Peter Dews (as "Claudius") , Ingride Mollison.

1975: Staged by René Ahrenson and Cecilia Sonnenberg at the Maynardville Open-air Theatre in Cape Town, directed by Leslie French.

1977: Directed by Roy Sargeant, starring Ralph Lawson (Hamlet), Helen Bourne (Ophelia), Peter Curtis (Claudius), Lois Butlin (Gertrude), Bill Jervis (Polonius), Neville Thomas (Horatio), Roger Dwyer (Laertes), Philip Godawa (Osric), John Whiteley (Fortinbras), Peter Cartwright (Rosenkrantz) and Peter Krummeck (Guildenstern). Designer Ken Robinson, lighting John T. Baker, stage manageress Lorraine Bellamy. Opened at the Nico Malan Theatre 27 August, touring the Cape Province 26 September to 22 October.

1978: Staged by PACT, directed by Robert Mohr, with Michael Richard (as Hamlet), Ron Smerczak, Michael McCabe, Diane Britz, Bobby Heaney, Charles Whaley, Clifford Lilley, David Sherwood, Alan Swerdlow, Ian Steadman, Jeff Shapiro, Vaughan Girdlestone, Frantz Dobrowsky, Nigel Vermaas, Ronald Wallace, Gillian Harris and Lesley Nott. Designed by Johan Engels and lighting by Jannie Swanepoel.

1982: Painstakingly abridged by Michael O'Brien assisted by Peter Piccolo, at the Glass Theatre opening on 3 February starring Peter Piccolo (Hamlet), Glynn Day, Brümilda van Rensburg, Tjaart Potgieter, Joanna Weinberg, Gary Carter, David Alcock, Seton Bailey, Rodney Venner, Silamour Philander, Fats Bookholane, Flora Barrow, Gys de Villiers. Directed by Michael O'Brien, set designed by Bee Berman and Anton Johnson, costumes designed by Birrie le Roux, lighting by Michael O'Brien and Leon Benzakein. Music by Alain Barker.

1983: Performed in Afrikaans (the Coertze, translation) by the University of the Orange Free State as the opening production of the Wynand Mouton Theatre in Bloemfontein on Thursday October 13.

1987: The Eitemal Afrikaans translation was staged by PACT, directed by Francois Swart, with Marius Weyers (as Hamlet), Louis van Niekerk, Don Lamprecht, Ben Kruger, Wilna Snyman, Sandra Prinsloo, Richard van der Westhuizen, Bill Curry, William Cronje, Pierre Knoesen, Tobie Cronje, Tjaart Potgieter, Percy Pretorius, Frans Kalp, Andre Odendaal, Johan Malherbe, Usha Khan and Aletta Bosch. Designed by Chris van den Berg.

1989: Performed in The Playhouse by NAPAC, directed by Murray McGibbon with Frantz Dobrowsky as "Hamlet",

1992: Presented by CAPAB Drama, opening at the Nico Theatre on 18 July, with a cast that included Ralph Lawson, André Jacobs, Keith Grenville, Diane Wilson, Blaise Koch, Peter Butler and Mark Hoeben. Also presented at the Standard Bank National Arts Festival, Grahamstown in July.

1992: Performed at the Baxter Theatre, directed by Chris Weare with Ralph Lawson, Diane Wilson, Michelle Scott, Gys de Villiers, Blaise Koch, Neels Coetzee. Also played at the Grahamstown Festival in July.

1992: Performed by the Rhodes University Drama Department, directed by Ilse van Hemert the Rhodes University Theatre, starring Adam Neill as Hamlet, Lanon Prigge as Osric, Gary Wright as Laertes, Justin Cohen as Horatio, Alasdair Gordon-Finlay as the son of Claudius, Ana Carrilho as Gertrude and others.

1994: Directed by David Peimer for SODA, Downstairs Theatre, Johannesburg.

1999: Directed by Tina Johnson at the Amphitheatre, Wits, Johannesburg.

2005: Staged by The Baxter Theatre Centre in association with The National Arts Festival, directed by Janet Suzman, with Rajesh Gopie (Hamlet), John Kani (Claudius), Dorothy-Ann Gould (Gertrude), Royston Stoffels (Polonius), Roshina Ratnam (Ophelia), Clyde Berning (Laertes), Adam Neill (Horatio), Marcel Meyer(Rosencrantz), Brett Goldin (Guildenstern), Tauriq Jenkins (Osric and other roles), Mbulelo Grootboom (Fortinbras and other roles), Adrian Collins (Player King and other roles) and Duncan Macfarlane (Attendant and other roles). Design by Peter Cazalet and lighting by Mannie Manim. The run at the National Arts Festival was from 30 June to 9 July.

2006: The Baxter Theatre production, as directed by Janet Suzman, performed as part of RSC The Complete Works Festival, April 2006-March 2007, at the Swan Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon, England.

2006: Performed by Artscape at the Artscape Theatre in May, directed by Roy Sargeant, with David Johnson, Peter Butler, Anthea Thompson, Julia Anastasopoulos, Jeroen Kranenburg. Set design by Paul Regenass.

2007: Performed by ArtsCape in the ArtsCape Theatre, directed by Roy Sargeant with David Johnson, Peter Butler, Deirdre Wolhuter, Ralph Lawson, Brendan Murray, Julia Anastasopoulos.

2012: iHamlet (Shakespeare/Malan) presented at The Fringe at Joburg Theatre in May by Jade Bowers Design and Management, performed by Ashraf Johaardien.

2013 Performed by the Port Elizabeth Shakespearean Festival (PESF) in the Noel Morgan Auditorium at the Little Theatre of the Port Elizabeth Musical and Dramatic Society (PEMADS). Directed by Linda-Louise Swain, with Andrew White, Cameron Robertson, Lesley Barnard, Gift Buqa, Jessica Rijs, David Emery, Dennis Slattery and Ray Saunders.

2015: Performed at the Grahamstown Festival in adapted form as Hamlet, Prince of Denmark ("As performed by the crew aboard The Red Dragon off the east coast of South Africa, 1608") by AMP Productions. Directed by Fred Abrahamse, with Marcel Meyer ("Hamlet"), Michael Richard ("Claudius"), Dean Balie ("Polonius"/"Horatio") Jeremy Richard ("Laertes") Matthew Baldwin ("Ophelia"), Callum Tilbury ("Gertrude).

2016: Hamlet, Prince of Denmark by tours Europe.

2017: Hamlet, Prince of Denmark performed at the Theatre on the Bay (Cape Town) and Montecasino Theatre (Johannesburg)

2017: Performed (in tandem with Othello) by Think Theatre, in association with The Playhouse Company, at Hilton and Durban in February and March, also touring to a number of country venues in KwaZulu-Natal, during this period, before transferring to Gauteng for runs in Johannesburg and Pretoria in May. Directed by Clare Mortimer, with Bryan Hiles, Cara Roberts, Clare Mortimer, Michael Gritten, Nhlakanipho Manqele, Darren King, Marc Kay, Chris van Rensburg, Rowan Barlett, Straw Nzimande and Kirsty Ndawo.

2020: Hip Hop Hamlet was shown at The National School of the Arts’ Festival of the Arts at the Joburg Theatre 4-8 March 2020. Created and directed by Laine Butler and Johan Anker, with choreographer Lucinda Eatock.

2022: Produced by Janni Younge at the National Arts Festival with actors and giant puppets; Mongi Mthombeni and Siyamthanda Sinani as Hamlet, Andrew Buckland as Claudius and Roshina Ratnam as Gertrude.

Adaptations

For stage

There are numerous international and South African stage adaptations of Shakespeare's play or its plot. Among those produced in South Africa have been:

(Click on the title to see the entry on the adapted play.)


Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead by Tom Stoppard (1966)

Dogg's Hamlet, Cahoot's Macbeth by Tom Stoppard (1966)

Hamletmachine by Heiner Müller

The Marowitz Hamlet by Charles Marowitz

Elsinore by Robert Lepage

The Secret Love Life of Ophelia by Steven Berkoff

Ophelia Thinks Harder by Jean Betts

The Prince of West End Avenue by Alan Isler.

iHamlet by Robin Malan

Hamlet, Prince of Denmark by Fred Abrahamse and Marcel Meyer.

The House of O: A Reconstruction of Hamlet by Hanlé Barnard

Kind Hamlet, a docu-drama by Marthinus Basson and cast

For South African Radio and TV

1983: Produced as Hamlet: Prince of Denmark by SABC TV, directed by Ken Leach with Andrew Buckland ("Hamlet"), Michael Atkinson ("Claudius"), Shelagh Holliday ("Gertrude"), Michael McCabe ("Polonius"), Annelisa Weiland ("Ophelia"), Michael Richard ("Laertes"), Neville Thomas ("Horatio") and John Carson ("The Ghost"). Other players included Richard Cox, David Sherwood, Kerry Jordan, Simon Lee, Ross Kettle, Bill Flynn, Jeremy Crutchley, Neil McCarthy, Norman Coombes, Jeff Shapiro, Bobby Heaney, Ronald Wallace, Arthur Hall, Ian Steadman, Michael Brunner, Nico Lovell, Clive Morris, Cobus Oosthuizen, Ingrid Saunders, Murray Steyn, Jan van Deventer and Johann van Wyk.

The literary advisor on the production was Ian Ferguson, music by Michael Tuffin, editing by Sandra de Kock and Nicholas Prince and costume design by Diane Prince.

Broadcast by the SABC on 13 November 1983.

See IMDb[7]

Sources

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet

https://shine.unibas.ch/translators.htm

https://www.everard-read.co.za/artist/MAUD_SUMNER/biography/

P.E. Express [8]

"The Secret Love Life of Ophelia" in Entertainment IAfrica [9] (Accessed Fri, 06 May 2005 12:05 AM)

"The sordid side of Hamlet - The Secret Love Life of Ophelia, King's Head, London", Review in The Guardian [10]

http://www.amazon.com/The-Secret-Love-Life-Ophelia/dp/0571209548

Review: Hamlet in the Sunday Times, 11 May 1947

Review: Hamlet in The Argus Tonight!, 24 April 2007[11]

Ludwig Wilhelm Berthold Binge. 1969. Ontwikkeling van die Afrikaanse toneel (1832-1950). Pretoria: J.L. van Schaik: pp. 184, 245.

D.C. Boonzaier. 1923. "My playgoing days – 30 years in the history of the Cape Town stage", in SA Review, 9 March and 24 August 1923. (Reprinted in Bosman 1980: pp. 374-439.)

F.C.L. Bosman. 1928. Drama en Toneel in Suid-Afrika, Deel I: 1652-1855. Pretoria: J.H. de Bussy. [12].

F.C.L. Bosman. 1980. Drama en Toneel in Suid-Afrika, Deel II, 1856-1916. Pretoria: J.L. van Schaik.

Jill Fletcher. 1994. The Story of Theatre in South Africa: A Guide to its History from 1780-1930. Cape Town: Vlaeberg: p.

P. du P. Grobler " Hamlet in Afrikaans", Standpunte Jaargang 2 No. 1.: pp 50-59.

William Groom. 1899-1900. "Drama in Cape Town". Cape Illustrated Magazine, 10(4): 478-481, 517-520, 547-552, 580-584, 640-643, 670-672, 706-708.

Loren Kruger 1999. The Drama of South Africa: Plays, Pageants and Publics Since 1910 London: Routledge

ACT programme, 1947.

Maynardville theatre programme, 1964.

PACT theatre programme, 1964.

Theatre programme held by NELM: [Collection: SNEDDON, Elizabeth]: 2007. 11. 8. 4. (NAPAC production, 1964).

University of Cape Town theatre programme, 1969.

PACOFS/CAPAB programme, 1973.

CAPAB theatre programme, 1977.

PACT theatre programme, 1978.

Glass Theatre programme, 1982.

PACT theatre programme, 1987.

Petru & Carel Trichardt theatre programme collection.

Photograph (NAF 1992) held by NELM: Photograph collection [Collection: ISEA]: 2016. 41. 20. 13. 2. 1. 1.

M.E. Oudkerk. 1993. Shakespeare in Afrikaans: A Descriptive Analysis of the Imagery in "The Tempest" An unpublished MA dissertation in Translation. University of the Witwatersrand. Johannesburg, 1993

Baxter Theatre Centre programme, 2005.

"Hamlet", What's On - Western Cape, 3 May 2006[13]

http://news.artsmart.co.za/2008/09/murray-mcgibbon-pays-tribute-to-john.html

http://www.assitej.org.za/xnews.php?ident=11650

Nicole John. 2017. "Think Theatre presents ‘Hamlet & Othello’" News24 and City Press[14] (Accessed: 2017-01-25 06:03)

http://shakespeare.org.za/new-productions

Die Burger, 1 July 2022.

Arts Theatre Club archive held by George Mountjoy.

Jill Kreuz. 1983. Shakespeare on South African television, Unpublished Master's Thesis, University of Cape Town[15],

https://open.uct.ac.za/items/111b9a48-a578-4e82-8f12-a65058d06dfa]


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