Difference between revisions of "Leonard Rayne"

Latest revision as of 20:11, 28 June 2026

Leonard Rayne (1869-1925) was a British born actor and manager.

Biography

Born William Hannay Watts Cowie in Blyth, Northumberland, on 6 March 1869, he ran away from home with a stock company when still a youth, but soon joined the Sadler's Wells Company in London, where - using the stage name given him by a loving aunt - he largely worked on Shakespeare's plays, developing his resonant voice and stage presence, before making a career for himself in South Africa and exerting a great influence on Shakespearean production, and South African theatre in general, over the 30 year period that he worked and toured in the country.

He married Emma Florence Grace (professionally known as the actress Amy Grace) round about 1898, and they had one son, William George. However, the marriage did not last long and Grace returned to the UK early in the 20th century. Rayne later became the lover and partner of Freda Godfrey, whom he had first brought to South Africa as a twelve year old actress in 1902.

Rayne died in Cape Town on 19 June 1925 and was buried in the Woltemade Cemetry there on 21 June 1925. In recognition of his influential role in the history of South African theatre, the impresario Pieter Toerien opened a new auditorium at the Alhambra Theatre, Johannesburg, in 1983, calling it the Leonard Rayne Theatre [1].

Contribution to SA theatre, film, media and/or performance

The first years

Rayne first came to South Africa in 1895, having been invited by W.J. Holloway of the Lyceum Theatre to become the second lead in a company he was taking to Johannesburg, under the auspices of the Ben and Frank Wheeler theatre company. The company also included Gerald Lawrence, Amy Grace, John Nesbitt, William Haviland and Amy Coleridge.

The Holloway Theatre Company opened with Othello in the Standard Theatre, Johannesburg on the 26th December 1895, with Holloway and Coleridge in the leads and Rayne in the role of "Roderigo". This was now followed by "Orsino" in Twelfth Night, "Edmund" in King Lear, "Dogberry" in Much Ado About Nothing, "Gratiano" in The Merchant of Venice and "Sir Peter Teazle" in The School for Scandal and Richard III. The company returned to England and Rayne rejoined Sadler's Wells for a while.

As a competent, if not particularly exceptional, actor he became rather well known for his protrayla of "Napoleon" in A Royal Divorce (Wills and Collingham). This would in fact become his most memorable role, often played and indeed the last role he was to play before his death. However, it was really as one of South Africa's leading actor-managers, that Rayne eventually became something of a legend in the country.

The actor-manager

In 1897 Rayne returned to launch his career as actor-manager, opening at the Opera House in Cape Town with Master and Man (Pattitt and Sims) in July. From here on, at times in partnership with other managers (e.g. George Walton, Alfred Paumier, Frederick Mouillot, Frank de Jongh etc.), his touring company would offer a steady stream of productions, many of them standard items in the company's repertoire over the years. In this capacity he ran the iconic Standard Theatre in Johannesburg for many years as the home base of his company, but also taking leases for other theatres throughout the country for his touring productions, among them the Good Hope Theatre and the Opera House in Cape Town, the Port Elizabeth Opera House, the Gaiety Theatre in Johannesburg.. His popular leading lady was Freda Godfrey.

Rayne's special devotion to Shakespeare was evident in the "Grand Shakespeare Festival" he mounted at His Majesty's in April 1907. Macbeth (with an orchestra and choir of 60), Hamlet, Othello, The Merchant of Venice, Julius Caesar and Richard III were presented in one week, with Rayne playing all the leads himself!

Hale suggests Rayne was also leading the Cape Town Amateur Operatic and Dramatic Society at this time.

Over the years Rayne would offer a steady stream of productions, many of them often repeated standard items in the Leonard Rayne Company's repertoire.

For an almost complete list of the productions done by Leonard Rayne's various companies between 1898 and 1925, see Margot Bryant's excellent biography of Freda Godfrey (Born to Act, 1979) - and for more details on specific productions, see the individual entries in ESAT by clicking on the title in the section below.

Productions

Productions staged by Rayne under various company names (such as Leonard Rayne Dramatic Company and Leonard Rayne's New Dramatic Company) include:

1897: Master and Man (Sims and Pettitt), Two Little Vagabonds (Sims and Shirley)

1898: East Lynne (Wood), The Red Lamp (Tristram)

1899: The Three Musketeers, A Royal Divorce (Wills and Collingham)

1900: The Christian (Hall Caine), The Three Musketeers

1901: Rip van Winkle, East Lynne (Wood), A Message from Mars (Ganthony), A Royal Divorce (Wills and Collingham)

1902: The Prodigal Daughter (Harris and Pettitt), A Royal Divorce (Wills and Collingham), The Three Musketeers

1902/1903: The Eternal City (Caine), The Liars (Jones), My Sweetheart (Maeder and Gill), Sherlock Holmes (Gillette/Conan Doyle), Trilby (Du Maurier)

1903: Her Second Time on Earth (Melville), In the Ranks (Sims and Pettitt), A Message from Mars (Ganthony), A Royal Divorce (Wills and Collingham), The Shaughraun (Boucicault), Under Two Flags (Ovida/Potter), The Worst Woman in London (Melville), The Prisoner of Zenda, Little Lord Fauntleroy, Little Jim, Sherlock Holmes, Private Detective, Rob Roy, Uncle Tom's Cabin

1904: An African Millionaire (Wallace), Brown at Brighton (McKay and Stephens), Called Back, The Gypsy Earl (Sims), Human Nature (Pettitt and Harris), The Lady of Lyons (Bulwer-Lytton), A Life of Pleasure (Pettitt and Harris), The Man in the Iron Mask (Goldberg), The Merchant of Venice, Romeo and Juliet, A Snug Little Kingdom (Ambient), Sunday (Raceward)

1905: A Message from Mars (Ganthony), Miss Elizabeth's Prisoner (Stephens and Swete), The Moneymakers (Rollit), Othello, The Prayer of the Sword (Fagan), A Royal Divorce (Wills and Collingham), Two Little Vagabonds, The Three Musketeers, Julius Caesar, The Merchant of Venice, Richard III, Othello, Hamlet

1906: The Corsican Brothers (Grangé and de Montépin/Boucicault), The Prodigal Son (Caine), Raffles (Hornung and Presberey)

1907: The Bondman (Caine), The Electric Man (Hannan), Hamlet, Macbeth, The Merchant of Venice, Othello, Richard the Third, Robin Hood

1908: Oh, Susannah (Ambient), Robin Hood

1908/1909: Diana of Dobsons (Hamilton), The Morals of Marcus (Locke), Mrs Dot (Maugham), When Knights were Bold (Marlowe), A White Man (Royle)

1909: The Christian (Hall Caine), East Lynne (Wood), The Flag Lieutenant (Drury and Trevor), The Middleman (Jones), Niobe (Paulton and Paulton), A Royal Divorce (Wills and Collingham)

1910: East Lynne (Wood), The Fires of Fate (Conan Doyle), Henry of Navarre (Devereux), The Sign of the Cross (Barrett), The Silver King (Jones and Herman), The Woman in the Case, Oliver Twist

1915: The Three Musketeers, Charley's Aunt

1916: Dick Whittington and His Wonderful Cat, Rob Roy, or Auld Lang Syne

1917: Two Little Vagabonds (Sims and Shirley), Charley's Aunt

1919: Peter Pan

1920: Two Little Vagabonds (Sims and Shirley), Peter Pan, Where the Rainbow Ends

1922: Cinderella

1923/1924: Peter Pan

Specific dates unknown:

(between 1902-1908): The Count of Monte Cristo (Dumas/Fechter), Little Lord Fauntleroy (Burnett/Seebohm)

(between 1914-1918): Kismet (Knoblock), The Story of the Rosary (Howard)

Dates unknown: Rob Roy (Scott)

Sources

D.C. Boonzaier. 1923. "My playgoing days – 30 years in the history of the Cape Town stage", in SA Review, 9 March and 24 August 1923. (Reprinted in Bosman 1980: pp. 374-439.)

F.C.L. Bosman. 1980. Drama en Toneel in Suid-Afrika, Deel II, 1856-1912. Pretoria: J.L. van Schaik: pp. 404-433.

Margot Bryant 1978. South Africa’s greatest theatrical partnership. (Leonard Rayne & Freda Godfrey). Mafeking Mail, 1(5):6-8. May.

Margot Bryant 1979. Born To Act: The Story of Freda Godfrey. Johannesburg: Ad Donker.

P.J. du Toit. 1988. Amateurtoneel in Suid-Afrika. Pretoria: Academica

Jill Fletcher. 1994. The Story of Theatre in South Africa: A Guide to its History from 1780-1930. Cape Town: Vlaeberg.

Percy Tucker. 1997. Just the Ticket. My 50 Years in Show Business. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.

https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/leonard-born-name-william-hannay-watts-cowie-rayne

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhambra_Theatre_(Johannesburg)

https://theatricalia.com/person/gax/arthur-sinbad-pitt

https://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Criticism/shakespearein/sa3/index.html

Greyvenstein, Walter 1988. The history and development of children's theatre in English in South Africa. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Johannesburg: Rand Afrikaans University.

Frederick Hale. 2013. The first scholarly South African interpretation of Wagner? Ramsden Balmforth's Fabian analysis of the Ring and Parsifal, Journal of the Musical Arts in Africa, 10:1, 53-69.

Go to the ESAT Bibliography

Return to

Return to ESAT Personalities R

Return to South African Theatre Personalities

Return to The ESAT Entries

Return to Main Page

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 Born William Hannay Watts Cowie in Blyth, Northumberland, on 6 March 1869, he ran away from home with a stock company when still a youth, but soon joined the Sadler's Wells Company in London, where - using the stage name given him by a loving aunt - he largely worked on Shakespeare's plays, developing his resonant voice and stage presence, before making a career for himself in South Africa and exerting a great influence on Shakespearean production, and South African theatre in general, over the 30 year period that he worked and toured in the country.
-Rayne was married to actress [[Amy Grace]], and later became the lover and partner of [[Freda Godfrey]]. He died in Cape Town on 19 June 1925 and was buried in the Woltemade Cemetry there on 21 June 1925.
+He married Emma Florence Grace (professionally known as the actress [[Amy Grace]]) round about 1898, and they had one son, William George. However, the marriage did not last long and Grace returned to the UK early in the 20th century. Rayne later became the lover and partner of [[Freda Godfrey]], whom he had first brought to South Africa as a twelve year old actress in 1902.
+Rayne died in Cape Town on 19 June 1925 and was buried in the Woltemade Cemetry there on 21 June 1925. In recognition of his influential role in the history of South African theatre, the [[impresario]] [[Pieter Toerien]] opened a new auditorium at the [[Alhambra Theatre]], Johannesburg, in 1983, calling it the [[Leonard Rayne Theatre]][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhambra_Theatre_(Johannesburg)].
 ==Contribution to SA theatre, film, media and/or performance==
-Rayne first came to South Africa in 1895,  having been invited by  [[W.J. Holloway]] of the Lyceum Theatre to become the second lead in a company he was taking to Johannesburg, nder the auspices of the [[Wheeler Theatre Company|Ben and Frank Wheeler]] theatre company.
+===The first years===
+Rayne first came to South Africa in 1895,  having been invited by  [[W.J. Holloway]] of the Lyceum Theatre to become the second lead in a company he was taking to Johannesburg, under the auspices of the [[Wheeler Theatre Company|Ben and Frank Wheeler]] theatre company. The company also included [[Gerald Lawrence]],  [[Amy Grace]], [[John Nesbitt]], [[William Haviland]] and [[Amy Coleridge]].
+The [[Holloway Theatre Company]] opened with ''[[Othello]]'' in the [[Standard Theatre]], Johannesburg on the 26th December 1895,  with  [[William J. Holloway|Holloway]] and [[Amy Coleridge|Coleridge]] in the leads and Rayne in the role of "Roderigo". This was now followed by "Orsino" in ''[[Twelfth Night]]'', "Edmund" in ''[[King Lear]]'', "Dogberry" in ''[[Much Ado About Nothing]]'', "Gratiano" in ''[[The Merchant of Venice]]'' and "Sir Peter Teazle" in ''[[The School for Scandal]]'' and ''[[Richard III]]''. The company returned to England and Rayne rejoined Sadler's Wells for a while.
+As a competent, if not particularly exceptional, actor he became rather well known for his protrayla of "Napoleon" in ''[[A Royal Divorce]]'' (Wills and Collingham). This would in fact become his most memorable role, often played and indeed the last role he was to play before his death. However, it was really as one of South Africa's leading actor-managers, that Rayne eventually became something of a legend in the country.
+===The actor-manager===
+In 1897 Rayne returned to launch his career as actor-manager, opening at the [[Opera House]] in Cape Town with ''[[Master and Man]]'' (Pattitt and Sims) in July. From here on, at times in partnership with other managers (e.g. [[George Walton]], [[Alfred Paumier]], [[Frederick Mouillot]], [[Frank de Jongh]] etc.), his touring company would offer a steady stream of productions, many of them standard items in the company's repertoire over the years. In this capacity  he ran the iconic [[Standard Theatre]] in Johannesburg for many years as the home base of his company, but also taking leases for other theatres throughout the country for his touring productions, among them the [[Good Hope Theatre]] and the [[Opera House]] in Cape Town, the [[Port Elizabeth Opera House]], the [[Gaiety Theatre]] in Johannesburg.. His popular leading lady was [[Freda Godfrey]].
+Rayne's special devotion to Shakespeare was evident in the "Grand Shakespeare Festival" he mounted at [[His Majesty's]] in April 1907. ''[[Macbeth]]'' (with an orchestra and choir of 60), ''[[Hamlet]]'', ''[[Othello]]'', ''[[The Merchant of Venice]]'', ''[[Julius Caesar]]'' and ''[[Richard III]]'' were presented in one week, with Rayne playing all the leads himself!
-The [[Holloway Theatre Company]] opened with ''[[Othello]]'' in the [[Standard Theatre]], Johannesburg on the 26th December 1895,  with Holloway and [[Amy Coleridge]] in the leads and Rayne in the role of "Roderigo". This was now followed by "Orsino" in ''[[Twelfth Night]]'', "Edmund" in ''[[King Lear]]'', Dogberry in ''[[Much Ado About Nothing]]'', Gratiano in ''[[The Merchant of Venice]]'' and Sir Peter Teazle in ''[[School for Scandal]]''. The company returned to England and Rayne rejoined Sadler's Wells.
+Hale suggests Rayne was also leading the [[Cape Town Amateur Operatic and Dramatic Society]] at this time.
-and playing ''[[Hamlet]]'', ''[[Richard the Third]]'' and so on.
+Over the years Rayne would offer a steady stream of productions, many of them often repeated standard items in the [[Leonard Rayne Company]]'s repertoire.
-In 1899 he returned to South Africa with a company put together by himself and his friend [[Alfred Paumier]]. They took the [[Opera House]] in Cape Town .  Their extensive repertory of plays, included ''[[The Count of Monte Cristo]]''?* and what was to become his most memorable role, Napoleon in ''[[A Royal Divorce]]''.
+''For an almost complete  list of the  productions done by  [[Leonard Rayne]]'s various companies between 1898 and 1925, see [[Margot Bryant]]'s excellent biography of [[Freda Godfrey]] ('''Born to Act''', 1979) - and for more details on specific productions, see the individual entries in [[ESAT]] by clicking on the '''title''' in the section below.''
-Later went into partnership with [[Frank de Jongh]], before becoming an independent producer, one of South Africa's leading actor-managers, affectionately known as "the Guvnor". For many years he ran the [[Standard Theatre]] in Johannesburg,  which effectively became the home of his company.  orignally went into partnership with [[Frank de Jongh]], before becoming an independent producer with his company, the [[Leonard Rayne Company]]. For many years he ran the [[Standard Theatre]] as the home of his company.
+===Productions===
-In 1902-3 he did ''[[In the Ranks]]'', ''[[My Sweetheart]]'', ''[[The Eternal City]]'', ''[[Sherlock Holmes]]'', ''[[The Liars]]'' and ''[[Trilby]]''  under the auspices of [[Frederick Mouillot]] and [[Frank de Jong]] at the [[Opera House]], Cape Town.
+Productions staged by Rayne under various company names (such as [[Leonard Rayne Dramatic Company]] and [[Leonard Rayne's New Dramatic Company]]) include:
+: ''[[Master and Man]]'' (Sims and Pettitt), ''[[Two Little Vagabonds]]'' (Sims and Shirley)
+: ''[[East Lynne]]'' (Wood), ''[[The Red Lamp]]'' (Tristram)
-April to June he did ''[[Human Nature]]'', ''[[The Gypsy Earl]]'' (Sims), ''[[Brown at Brighton]]'' (McKay and Stephens), ''[[A Life of Pleasure]]'' (Pettitt and Harris), and ''[[Sunday]]'' (Raceward), ''[[The African Millionaire]]'' (Wallace)  in the Opera House, Cape Town. In the second half of the year he did another season in the Opera House, presenting ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'' (Shakespeare), ''[[A Snug Little Kingdom]]'' (Anon), ''[[The Lady of Lyons]]'' (Bulwer-Lytton), ''[[The Merchant of Venice]]'' (Shakespeare), ''[[Called Back]]'' (Anon) and ''[[The Man in the Iron Mask]]'' (Goldberg).
+: ''[[The Three Musketeers]]'', ''[[A Royal Divorce]]'' (Wills and Collingham)
-Among his most notable productions were ''[[The Prodigal Son]]'' (in which he first appeared with the young [[Freda Godfrey]] - 1906), ''[[The Rosary]]'' (19**), ''[[A Royal Divorce]]'' (19**), ''[[A White Man]]'', ''[[Kismet]]''***, ****. RAYNE, Leonard. Actor-Manager. [[The Standard Theatre]] became the home of his company. His popular leading lady was [[Freda Godfrey]].
+: ''[[The Christian]]'' (Hall Caine), ''[[The Three Musketeers]]''
+: ''[[Rip van Winkle]]'', ''[[East Lynne]]'' (Wood), ''[[A Message from Mars]]'' (Ganthony), ''[[A Royal Divorce]]'' (Wills and Collingham)
+: ''[[The Prodigal Daughter]]'' (Harris and Pettitt), ''[[A Royal Divorce]]'' (Wills and Collingham), ''[[The Three Musketeers]]''
-[[Pieter Toerien]] opened a new auditorium at the [[Alhambra]] in 1983 called the [[Leonard Rayne Theatre]]. ***
+/1903: ''[[The Eternal City]]'' (Caine), ''[[The Liars]]'' (Jones), ''[[My Sweetheart]]'' (Maeder and Gill), ''[[Sherlock Holmes]]'' (Gillette/Conan Doyle), ''[[Trilby]]'' (Du Maurier)
-RAYNE, Leonard, born as [[William Hannay Watts Cowie]] – 6 March 1869 in Blyth, Northumberland.  He first came to SA in 1895 under the aegis of [[William J Holloway]] of the Lyceum Theatre, London. Holloway’s ''[[Othello]]''  [[William Haviland]], [[Amy Coleridge]] (also from UK) with Rayne.  ''[[The Royal Divorce]]'', toured and performed in seven plays: ''[[King Lear]]'', ''[[Hamlet]]'', ''[[Much Ado About Nothing]]'', ''[[Merchant of Venice]]'', ''[[Twelfth Night]]'', ''[[The School for Scandal]]'' & ''[[Richard II]]''.  In 1898 came with his wife, Amy for [[East Lynne]].  Had lease of [[Port Elizabeth Opera House]] & [[Gaiety Theatre]] in 1902.  ''[[Rob Roy]]'',''[[Little Lord Fauntleroy]]'' with [[Freda Godfrey]] who became his leading lady.   ''[[A White Man]]'', ''[[Kismet]]''. He was buried in Woltemade Cemetry In CT 21 June 1929.
+: ''[[Her Second Time on Earth]]'' (Melville), ''[[In the Ranks]]'' (Sims and Pettitt), ''[[A Message from Mars]]'' (Ganthony), ''[[A Royal Divorce]]'' (Wills and Collingham), ''[[The Shaughraun]]'' (Boucicault), ''[[Under Two Flags]]'' (Ovida/Potter), ''[[The Worst Woman in London]]'' (Melville), ''[[The Prisoner of Zenda]]'', ''[[Little Lord Fauntleroy]]'', ''[[Little Jim]]'', ''[[Sherlock Holmes, Private Detective]]'', ''[[Rob Roy]]'', ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]''
-[[Arthur Sinbad Pitt]] sailed to South Africa on the “Guelph”. “Stage” issue 17 March 1904 shows that “Mr Arthur S. Pitt is Mr Raynes (It was Leonard Raynes company) head man as regards to stage carpenters, property men, etc” This is a production of the play ''[[Under Two Flags]]'' by Leonard Rayne, started 20th June 1903, at Gaiety, Johannesburg.
+: ''[[An African Millionaire]]'' (Wallace), ''[[Brown at Brighton]]'' (McKay and Stephens), ''[[Called Back]]'', ''[[The Gypsy Earl]]'' (Sims), ''[[Human Nature]]'' (Pettitt and Harris), ''[[The Lady of Lyons]]'' (Bulwer-Lytton), ''[[A Life of Pleasure]]'' (Pettitt and Harris), ''[[The Man in the Iron Mask]]'' (Goldberg), ''[[The Merchant of Venice]]'', ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'', ''[[A Snug Little Kingdom]]'' (Ambient), ''[[Sunday]]'' (Raceward)
+: ''[[A Message from Mars]]'' (Ganthony), ''[[Miss Elizabeth's Prisoner]]'' (Stephens and Swete), ''[[The Moneymakers]]'' (Rollit), ''[[Othello]]'', ''[[The Prayer of the Sword]]'' (Fagan), ''[[A Royal Divorce]]'' (Wills and Collingham), ''[[Two Little Vagabonds]]'', ''[[The Three Musketeers]]'', ''[[Julius Caesar]]'', ''[[The Merchant of Venice]]'', ''[[Richard III]]'', ''[[Othello]]'', ''[[Hamlet]]''
+: ''[[The Corsican Brothers]]'' (Grangé and de Montépin/Boucicault), ''[[The Prodigal Son]]'' (Caine), ''[[Raffles]]'' (Hornung and Presberey)
+: ''[[The Bondman]]'' (Caine), ''[[The Electric Man]]'' (Hannan), ''[[Hamlet]]'', ''[[Macbeth]]'', ''[[The Merchant of Venice]]'', ''[[Othello]]'', ''[[Richard the Third]]'', ''[[Robin Hood]]''
+: ''[[Oh, Susannah]]'' (Ambient), ''[[Robin Hood]]''
+/1909: ''[[Diana of Dobsons]]'' (Hamilton), ''[[The Morals of Marcus]]'' (Locke), ''[[Mrs Dot]]'' (Maugham), ''[[When Knights were Bold]]'' (Marlowe), ''[[A White Man]]'' (Royle)
+: ''[[The Christian]]'' (Hall Caine), ''[[East Lynne]]'' (Wood), ''[[The Flag Lieutenant]]'' (Drury and Trevor), ''[[The Middleman]]'' (Jones), ''[[Niobe]]'' (Paulton and Paulton), ''[[A Royal Divorce]]'' (Wills and Collingham)
+: ''[[East Lynne]]'' (Wood), ''[[The Fires of Fate]]'' (Conan Doyle), ''[[Henry of Navarre]]'' (Devereux), ''[[The Sign of the Cross]]'' (Barrett), ''[[The Silver King]]'' (Jones and Herman), ''[[The Woman in the Case]]'', ''[[Oliver Twist]]''
+:  ''[[The Three Musketeers]]'', ''[[Charley's Aunt]]''
+: ''[[Dick Whittington and His Wonderful Cat]]'', ''[[Rob Roy, or Auld Lang Syne]]''
+: ''[[Two Little Vagabonds]]'' (Sims and Shirley), ''[[Charley's Aunt]]''
+: ''[[Peter Pan]]''
+: ''[[Two Little Vagabonds]]'' (Sims and Shirley), ''[[Peter Pan]]'', ''[[Where the Rainbow Ends]]''
+: ''[[Cinderella]]''
+/1924: ''[[Peter Pan]]''
+Specific dates unknown:
+(between 1902-1908): ''[[The Count of Monte Cristo]]'' (Dumas/Fechter),  ''[[Little Lord Fauntleroy]]'' (Burnett/Seebohm)
+(between 1914-1918): ''[[Kismet]]'' (Knoblock), ''[[The Story of the Rosary]]'' (Howard)
+Dates unknown: ''[[Rob Roy]]'' (Scott)
 == Sources ==
@@ Line 39: / Line 93: @@
 [[D.C. Boonzaier]]. 1923. "My playgoing days – 30 years in the history of the Cape Town stage",  in ''SA Review'', 9 March and 24 August 1923. (Reprinted in [[F.C.L. Bosman|Bosman]] 1980: pp. 374-439.)
-[[F.C.L. Bosman]]. 1980. ''Drama en Toneel in Suid-Afrika, Deel II, 1856-1912''. Pretoria: [[J.L. van Schaik]]: pp. 420-21;
+[[F.C.L. Bosman]]. 1980. ''Drama en Toneel in Suid-Afrika, Deel II, 1856-1912''. Pretoria: [[J.L. van Schaik]]: pp. 404-433.
 [[Margot Bryant]] 1978. South Africa’s greatest theatrical partnership. ([[Leonard Rayne]] & [[Freda Godfrey]]). ''Mafeking Mail'', 1(5):6-8. May.
@@ Line 53: / Line 107: @@
 https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/leonard-born-name-william-hannay-watts-cowie-rayne
+https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhambra_Theatre_(Johannesburg)
+https://theatricalia.com/person/gax/arthur-sinbad-pitt
+https://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Criticism/shakespearein/sa3/index.html
+[[Walter Greyvenstein|Greyvenstein, Walter]] 1988. The history and development of children's theatre in English in South Africa. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Johannesburg: [[Rand Afrikaans University]].
+Frederick Hale. 2013. ''The first scholarly South African interpretation of Wagner? Ramsden Balmforth's Fabian analysis of the Ring and Parsifal'', [[Journal of the Musical Arts in Africa]], 10:1, 53-69.
 Go to the  [[ESAT Bibliography]]

Difference between revisions of "Leonard Rayne"

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