Difference between revisions of "Nineteenth Century"

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1800AD '''Dr Somers utilizes the [[Barracks Theatre]], opening with "Taste by Foote". A petition for a subscription public theatre from townspeople (Dutch and English). The [[African Theatre]] planned and building commences'''. Sir George Yonge launches Cape Town Gazette and Kaapsche Stads Courant and “The Society for the Encouragement of Agriculture, Arts and Sciences”.
+
'''Return to:'''
  
1801AD '''The [[African Theatre]] opens in Cape Town with a production of "Henry IV". Lady Anne Barnard writes “first review” in her letters'''. Sir George Yonge recalled to England to faces charges.
+
Return To [[ESAT Chronology|A Chronology of South African Theatre and Performance]]
  
1802AD End of third border war
+
Return to [[The ESAT Entries]]
  
1803AD '''"[[Die Papegay]]" by Kotzebue performed by [[Dutch Amateurs]] in Cape Town, and Voltaire’s "Zaire" also performed. First appearances by [[Charles Villet]]'''.“Tot Nut van’t Algemeen”, an Arts and Sciences Society founded in Cape Town. Cape reverts to Dutch rule (Batavian period) with De Mist as Commisioner General and Janssens as Governor. British occupy Delhi, but retain puppet Mughal emperors.
+
Return to [[Main Page]]
  
1804AD '''Pit added to the [[African Theatre]]'''.
+
= Key to entries =
  
1805AD ''Mohammed Ali becomes undisputed ruler of Egypt''.
+
 +
Items in normal text indicate [[South African]] non-theatrical events and activities
 +
Items printed in '''bold''' indicate [[South African]] '''theatre and performance events'''.
 +
All items in ''italics'' refer to international (i.e. non-South African) events or international '''''theatre and performance events'''''
  
1806AD ''Kleist’s "The Broken Jug"''. '''[[Charles Boniface]] arrives in Cape Town'''. General Janssens capitulates to British , who re-occupy the Cape.
+
= Entries =
  
1807 AD '''Captain Frazer arrives in the Cape with the occupying forces and revitalizes the Garrison theatricals. “[[All the World's a Stage]]” founded by Frazer and co. and perform ''[[She Stoops to Conquer]]'' in the [[African Theatre]]. The “[[French Theatre]]” erected in J.H.Berg’s store in Berg Street'''.
 
  
1808AD '''Dutch/French “[[Honi Soit qui Mal y Pense]]” founded under Boniface’s leadership'''. (?)
 
  
1809 AD “Tot Nut en Vermaak” founded in Cape Town
 
  
1810 AD
+
==1800AD==
 +
SIR GEORGE YONGE LAUNCHES CAPE TOWN GAZETTE AND KAAPSCHE STADS COURANT AND “THE SOCIETY FOR THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURE, ARTS AND SCIENCES”.
  
1811 AD ''First appearance of "Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen''.
+
'''DR SOMERS UTILIZES THE [[Barracks Theatre|BARRACKS THEATRE]], OPENING WITH "TASTE BY FOOTE". A PETITION FOR A SUBSCRIPTION PUBLIC THEATRE FROM TOWNSPEOPLE (DUTCH AND ENGLISH). THE [[African Theatre|AFRICAN THEATRE]] PLANNED AND BUILDING COMMENCES'''.
  
1812 AD
+
==1801AD==
 +
SIR GEORGE YONGE RECALLED TO ENGLAND TO FACE CHARGES.
  
1813 AD '''Het Beleg en Namen van Troyen a ballet-pantomime by C.E. Boniface produced at the [[African Theatre]]'''.
+
'''THE [[African Theatre|AFRICAN THEATRE]] OPENS IN CAPE TOWN WITH A PRODUCTION OF "HENRY IV". LADY ANNE BARNARD WRITES “FIRST REVIEW” IN HER LETTERS'''. .
  
1814 AD Thomas Sheridan, son of the playwright, arrives in Cape Town as colonial treasurer. Sir Charles Somerset appointed governor.
+
==1802AD==
 +
End of third border war
  
1815AD ''Gas installed in Covent Garden''. '''[[Wild Oats]] performed in Cape Town and Simon’s Town, with an occasional address written and spoken by Thomas Sheridan'''.
+
==1803AD==
 +
British occupy Delhi, but retain puppet Mughal emperors.
  
1815AD Gas installed in Covent Garden Wild Oats performed in Cape Town and Simon’s Town, with an occasional address written and spoken by Thomas Sheridan.
+
CAPE REVERTS TO DUTCH RULE (BATAVIAN PERIOD) WITH DE MIST AS COMMISIONER GENERAL AND JANSSENS AS GOVERNOR.
  
1816 AD
+
“[[Tot Nut van't Algemeen|TOT NUT VAN’T ALGEMEEN]]”, AN ARTS AND SCIENCES SOCIETY FOUNDED IN CAPE TOWN.
  
1817 AD
+
'''"[[Die Papegay|DIE PAPEGAY]]" BY KOTZEBUE PERFORMED BY [[Dutch Amateurs|DUTCH AMATEURS]] IN CAPE TOWN, AND VOLTAIRE’S "ZAIRE" ALSO PERFORMED. FIRST APPEARANCES BY [[Charles Villet|CHARLES VILLET]]'''.
  
1818 AD Performers from the Royal Theatre Liverpool arrive and perform Tobin’s The Honeymoon at African Theatre, assisted by local amateurs, as their first show of a 10 play season. J.Suasso de Lima arrives in Cape Town
+
==1804AD==
 +
'''PIT ADDED TO THE [[African Theatre|AFRICAN THEATRE]]'''.
  
1819 AD
+
==1805AD==
 +
''Mohammed Ali becomes undisputed ruler of Egypt''.
  
1820AD Russian serf Shchepkin freed to lead an acting troupe (Became mentor for Stanislavski). Kean and Macready active in London. The first 1820 settlers from England arrive in Delagoa Bay and are settled on farms on the eastern border
+
==1806AD==
 +
''Kleist’s "The Broken Jug"''.
 +
 
 +
GENERAL JANSSENS CAPITULATES TO BRITISH , WHO RE-OCCUPY THE CAPE.
 +
 
 +
'''[[Charles Boniface|CHARLES BONIFACE]] ARRIVES IN CAPE TOWN'''.
 +
 
 +
==1807 AD==
 +
'''CAPTAIN FRAZER ARRIVES IN THE CAPE WITH THE OCCUPYING FORCES AND REVITALIZES THE GARRISON THEATRICALS. “[[All the World's a Stage|ALL THE WORLD'S A STAGE]]” FOUNDED BY FRAZER AND CO. AND PERFORM ''[[She Stoops to Conquer|SHE STOOPS TO CONQUER]]'' IN THE [[African Theatre|AFRICAN THEATRE]]. THE “[[French Theatre|FRENCH THEATRE]]” ERECTED IN J.H.BERG’S STORE IN BERG STREET'''.
 +
 
 +
==1808AD==
 +
'''DUTCH/FRENCH “[[Honi Soit qui Mal y Pense|HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE]]” FOUNDED UNDER BONIFACE’S LEADERSHIP'''. (?)
 +
 
 +
==1809 AD==
 +
'''“[[Tot Nut en Vermaak|TOT NUT EN VERMAAK]]” FOUNDED IN CAPE TOWN'''.
 +
 
 +
==1811 AD==
 +
''First appearance of "Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen''.
 +
 
 +
==1813 AD==
 +
'''[[Het Beleg en het Namen van Troje|HET BELEG EN NAMEN VAN TROYEN]] A BALLET-PANTOMIME BY [[C.E. Boniface|C.E. BONIFACE]] PRODUCED AT THE [[African Theatre|AFRICAN THEATRE]]'''.
 +
 
 +
==1814 AD==
 +
THOMAS SHERIDAN, SON OF THE PLAYWRIGHT, ARRIVES IN CAPE TOWN AS COLONIAL TREASURER. SIR CHARLES SOMERSET APPOINTED GOVERNOR.
 +
 
 +
==1815AD==
 +
''Gas installed in Covent Garden''. '''[[Wild Oats|WILD OATS]] PERFORMED IN CAPE TOWN AND SIMON’S TOWN, WITH AN OCCASIONAL ADDRESS WRITTEN AND SPOKEN BY THOMAS SHERIDAN'''. '''THE BALLET ''[[Sapho|SAPHO]]'' BY [[C.E. Boniface|C.E.BONIFACE]] FIRST PERFORMED IN DUTCH IN THE [[African Theatre|AFRICAN THEATRE]], CAPE TOWN'''.
 +
 
 +
==1818 AD==
 +
J.Suasso de Lima arrives in Cape Town.
 +
 
 +
'''PERFORMERS FROM THE ROYAL THEATRE LIVERPOOL ARRIVE AND PERFORM TOBIN’S ''[[The Honeymoon|THE HONEYMOON]]'' AT [[African Theatre|AFRICAN THEATRE]], ASSISTED BY LOCAL AMATEURS, AS THEIR FIRST SHOW OF A 10 PLAY SEASON'''.
 +
 
 +
==1820AD==
 +
'''''Russian serf Shchepkin freed to lead an acting troupe (Became the mentor for Konstantin Stanislavski[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Stanislavski]). Kean and Macready active in London'''''.
 +
 
 +
THE FIRST 1820 SETTLERS FROM ENGLAND ARRIVE IN DELAGOA BAY AND ARE SETTLED ON FARMS ON THE EASTERN BORDER.
 +
 
 +
==1823 AD==
 +
'''[[De Dolzinnige|DE DOLZINNIGE]] (L’ENRAGE) BY BONIFACE, TR. BY DE LIMA, PRODUCED IN CAPE TOWN'''.
 +
 
 +
==1825 AD==
 +
'''[[De Burger Edelman|DE BURGER EDELMAN]] (LE BOURGEOIS GENTILHOMME BY MOLIÉRE, TR BY BONIFACE) PERFORMED IN CAPE TOWN. WITH A CHOIR AND TURKISH BALLET!'''
 +
 
 +
==1826 AD==
 +
DE LIMA FOUNDS DE VERZAMELAAR, A NEWSPAPER.
 +
 
 +
==1829 AD ==
 +
 
 +
A [[Dutch]] play, ''[[De Verstrooying]]'',  performed in Stellenbosch, possibly one of the first signs of theatrical activity in the town.
 +
 
 +
==1830AD==
 +
'''''Madame Vestris becomes manager of the Olympic Theatre'''''. '''''Hugo’s Hernani sparks riots in Paris'''''.
 +
==1832AD==
 +
'''''Dunlap’s History of the American Theatre published'''''.
 +
 
 +
LOVEDALE MISSION SCHOOL FOUNDED FOR AFRICANS.
 +
 
 +
'''BONIFACE’S [[De Nieuwe Ridderorde of De Temperantisten|DE NIEUWE RIDDERORDE OF DE TEMPERANTISTEN]] PUBLISHED. THE "NEW BALLET DANCE" JACK AT THE CAPE, OR ALL ALIVE AMONG THE HOTTENTOTS! PRESENTED IN CAPE TOWN'''.
 +
 
 +
==1835AD==
 +
'''''Buchner’s Danton’s Tod published'''''.
 +
 
 +
'''BONIFACE WRITES [[Kockincoz or The Pettifogging Lawyer's Plot|KOCKINCOZ OR THE PETTIFOGGING LAWYER'S PLOT]]'''.
 +
 
 +
==1836AD==
 +
'''''Gogol’s The Government Inspector. American Edwin Forrester performs in London'''''.
 +
 
 +
==1840 AD==
 +
BONIFACE FOUNDS DE NATALIER EN PIETERMARITZBURGSCHE TROUWE AANTEKENAAR, A NEWSPAPER IN PIETERMARITZBURG.
 +
 
 +
==1843AD==
 +
'''''Theatres Act rescinds power of the Patent Theatres. Macready’s first tour of the USA'''''.
 
 
1823 AD De Dolzinnige (L’Enrage) by Boniface, tr. by De Lima, produced in Cape Town.
+
==1849AD==
 +
'''''Scribe’s Adrienne Lecouvreur'''''.
 +
 
 +
==1851AD==
 +
''Great Exhibition opens in the Crystal Palace, London. Napoleon III seizes power in France''.
 +
 
 +
'''''Charles Kean manages the Princess theatre. Ibsen appointed at the Bergen Theatre. Labiche’s "The Italian Straw Hat"'''''.
 +
 
 +
==1852AD==
 +
''Second Empire begins in France''.
 +
 
 +
'''''Dumas fils’s "La Dame aux Camelias"'''''
 +
 
 +
==1853AD==
 +
''Exhibition of Zulu Kafirs opens in London''.
 +
 
 +
THE [[Lyceum|LYCEUM THEATRE]] OPENS IN PORT ELIZABETH.
 +
 
 +
==1854AD==
 +
''Start of the Crimean War''.
 +
 
 +
''Dramatic Copyright law amended''.
 +
 
 +
==1855AD==
 +
GREY COLLEGE FOUNDED IN BLOEMFONTEIN, ORANGE FREE STATE AS A SCHOOL FOR “YOUNG GENTLEMEN” . ADAMS MISSION SCHOOL FOUNDED FOR AFRICANS.
 +
 
 +
'''[[Sefton Parry|SEFTON PARRY]] FIRST ARRIVES IN CAPE TOWN, DOES PERFORMANCES WITH AMATEURS'''.
 +
 
 +
==1856AD==
 +
''Bessemer develops his steel process''.
 +
 
 +
==1857AD==
 +
''Anglo-French war agains China ends.
 +
''Pasteur begins his studies of fermentation. Free libraries open in England and Gerrmany''.
 +
''Flaubert’s "Madame Bovary". John Stuart Mill’s "On Liberty"''.
 +
 
 +
'''[[Sefton Parry|SEFTON PARRY]] RETURNS TO CAPE TOWN  WITH PROFESSIONALS AND BUILDS A WOODEN THEATRE IN HARRINGTON STREET'''.
 +
 
 +
==1858AD==
 +
BATTLE OF VEGKOP BETWEEN THE BURGERS OF THE ORANGE FREE STATE AND THE BASUTU.
 +
 
 +
'''ARRIVAL OF MR J.E.H. ENGLISH, A CELEBRATED COMIC VOCALIST, WHO OPENED A MUSIC HALL.'''
 +
 
 +
'''A REDERYKERSKAMER CALLED [[Thespis|THESPIS]] ACTIVE IN PAARL.'''
 +
 
 +
==1859AD==
 +
''Darwin’s "Origin of the Species"''.
 +
 
 +
'''''Boucicault’s "The Octoroon"'''''
 +
 
 +
==1860AD==
 +
''Kingdom of Italy established''.
 +
 
 +
'''''Victor Hugo’s "Les Misrables"'''''.
 +
 
 +
'''THE [[Theatre Royal|THEATRE ROYAL]], CAPE TOWN OPENED BY [[Sefton Parry|PARRY]]'''.
 +
 
 +
==1861AD==
 +
''Solvay’s soda-making process simplifies textile, glass and soap industry.
 +
Napoleon III attacks Mexico''.
 +
 
 +
==1862AD==
 +
''Bismark becomes Minister-President in Prussia''.
 +
 
 +
'''PRINCE ALFRED’S THEATRE IN USE BY [[Dramatic Club|KING WILLIAM’S TOWN DRAMATIC CLUB]].'''
 +
 
 +
'''A REDERYKERSKAMER [[Aurora|AURORA]] ACTIVE IN PAARL.'''
 +
 
 +
==1863AD==
 +
''Manet’s Déjeuner sur l’herbe''.
 +
 
 +
1 APRIL 1863 - FIRST TRAMWAY COMPANY IN CAPE TOWN COMMENCES OPERATIONS, WITH A HORSE-DRAWN SERVICE RUNNING ON RAILS FROM THE CITY TO GREEN POINT
 +
 
 +
==1864AD==
 +
''Siemens & Martin’s open hearth prosess for steel.  Prussia declares war on Schleswig-Holstein.''
 +
 
 +
'''[[Garrison Theatre|GARRISON THEATRE]] OPENS IN PIETERMARITZBURG'''.
 +
 
 +
==1865AD==
 +
''Pres. Lincoln assassinated in Ford’s Theatre, Washington. Lister introduces antiseptic surgery''.
 +
'''''T.W.Robertson’s "Society"'''''.
 +
 
 +
'''THE [[Dramatic Hall|DRAMATIC HALL]] OPENS IN PIETERMARITZBURG.  [[Door Yver Bloeit de Kunst|DOOR YVER BLOEIT DE KUNST]] RESUSCITATED BY J.C. COMBRINK, AND LASTS TILL 1910.'''
 +
 
 +
==1866AD==
 +
''Dynamite patented by Nobel. First transatlantic cable laid.''
 +
''Dostoevsky’s "Crime and Punishment"''.  '''''Chronegk joins the Meininger Co. as stage director'''''.
 +
 
 +
'''THE REDERYKERSKAMER [[Aurora|AURORA]] FOUNDED IN CAPE TOWN.'''
 +
 
 +
==1867AD==
 +
''Siemens introduces dynamo. Marx’s Das Kapital, vol 1.''
 +
 
 +
'''[[Melt Brink|MELT BRINK]]'S FIRST PERFORMANCE FOR [[Aurora|AURORA]].'''
 +
 
 +
==1868AD==
 +
'''[[Willem Nel|WILLEM NEL]] (A LOCAL DUTCH PLAY BY [[H.W. Teengs|H.W. TEENGS]]) PERFORMED IN PAARL BY [[Aurora|AURORA]].'''
 +
 
 +
==1869AD==
 +
''Social Democratic Working Men’s Party founded in Germany. Suez Canal opened''.
 +
'''''Sarah Bernhardt in "Le Passant"'''''.
  
1825 AD De Burger Edelman (Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme by Moliére, tr by Boniface) performed in Cape Town. With a choir and Turkish ballet!
+
'''[[Het Origineele Testament|HET ORIGINEELE TESTAMENT]] ([[Melt Brink|MELT BRINK]]'S FIRST PLAY) PERFORMED BY [[Aurora|AURORA]].'''
  
1826 AD De Lima founds De Verzamelaar, a newspaper.
+
==1870AD==
+
''Start of Franco-Prussian war''.
1830AD Madame Vestris becomes manager of the Olympic Theatre. Hugo’s Hernani sparks riots in Paris
+
 
1832AD Dunlap’s History of the Anerican Theatre published Boniface’s De Nieuwe Ridderorde, of De Temperantisten published. The "new ballet dance" Jack at the Cape, or All alive among the Hottentots! presented in Cape Town. Lovedale Mission School founded for Africans.
+
==1871AD==
+
''Stanley finds Livingstone in Africa. Zola’s "Les Rougon-Macquart". Darwin’s "Descent of Man". Paris Commune seeks to set up government in Paris. German Empire and Third Republic in France founded.''
1835AD Buchner’s Danton’s Tod published. Boniface writes Cockincoz or The Pettifogging Lawyer’s Plot.
+
 
1836AD Gogol’s The Government Inspector. American Edwin Forrester performs in London
+
'''''Verdi’s "Aïda"''.'''
 +
 
 +
==1873AD==
 +
''Maxwell’s study of electricity and magnetism. Spencer’s "Study of Sociology"''.
 +
'''''Emile Zola’s "[[Thérèse Raquin]]"'''''.
 +
 
 +
'''CAPTAIN [[Disney Roebuck|DISNEY ROEBUCK]] ARRIVES IN CAPE TOWN.'''
 +
 
 +
==1874AD==
 +
''Wundt’s "Foundations of Physiological Psychology"''.
 +
 
 +
==1876AD==
 +
''Otto invents internal combustion engine.''
 +
 
 +
[[Unie-debatsvereniging|UNIE-DEBATSVERENIGING]] FOUNDED. FIRST EDITION OF "[[The Cape Times|THE CAPE TIMES]]" APPEARS.
 +
'''THE NEW [[Theatre Royal|THEATRE ROYAL]] OPENS, WITH [[Disney Roebuck|ROEBUCK]]’S PRESENTATION OF [[The Octoroon|THE OCTOROON]] BY BOUCICAULT.'''
 +
 
 +
==1877AD==
 +
''Russo-Turkish War begins.''
 +
''Rodin’s first exhibition in Paris''.
 +
 
 +
==1878AD==
 +
''Congress of Berlin partitions Africa among European powers. Pasteur lectures on his Germ Theory in Paris.''
 +
 
 +
CABLE COMMUNICATION IS ESTABLISHED BETWEEN ENGLAND AND THE CAPE.
  
1840 AD Boniface founds De Natalier en Pietermaritzburgsche Trouwe Aantekenaar, a newspaper in Pietermaritzburg
+
==1879AD==
 +
'''''Ibsen’s "A Doll’s House"'''''
  
1843AD Theatres Act rescinds power of the Patent Theatres. Macready’s first tour of the USA
+
==1880AD==
+
''Gladstone Prime Minister in Britain. Pasteur identifies the Streptococcus bacteria. Dostoevsky’s "The Brothers Karamazov".'' 
1849AD Scribe’s Adrienne Lecouvreur
+
'''''Gilbert and Sullivan’s "The Pirates of Penzance".'''''
  
1850AD
+
DIE AFRIKANER BOND FOUNDED IN THE CAPE COLONY BY “ONZE JAN” HOFMEYR. TRANSVAAL CLAIMS INDEPENDENCE FROM BRITAIN AND DECLARES ITSELF A REPUBLIC. THE FIRST ANGLO-BOER WAR STARTS.
  
1851AD Great Exhibition opens in the Crystal Palace, London. Charles Kean manages the Princess theatre. Ibsen appointed at the Bergen Theatre. Labiche’s The Italian Straw Hat. Napoleon III seizes power in France.
+
==1881AD==
 +
''Alexander II assassinated and Alexander III becomes Tsar in Russia. The French occupy Tunis, the British occupy Egypt. The Three Emperors Alliance formed by Germany, Austria and Russia. Billy the Kid killed by Sherrif Pat Garrett.''
 +
'''''Ibsen’s "Ghosts",  Zola’s "Le Naturalisme au théâtre". Irving and Terry stars on London stage.'''''
  
1852AD Dumas fils’s La Dame aux Cammelias Second Empire begins in France.
+
BOERS DEFEAT BRITISH AT LAING’S NEK AND MAJUBA. THE PRETORIA CONVENTION RECOGNIZES THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLIC (ZAR).
  
1853AD Exhibition of Zulu Kafirs opens in London The Lyceum Theatre opens in Port Elizabeth.
+
==1882AD==
 +
''British occupy Egypt. Triple Alliance (Italy, Germany and Austro-Hungary) formed. France and Britain establish dual control of Suez Canal.''
 +
''Koch isolates bacillus of tuberculosis. Married Women’s Property Act in Britain. Daimler builds first petrol engine. Josef Breuer pioneers psycho-analysis in Vienna, by using hypnosis to cure hysteria.''
 +
''David Belasco arrives in New York. Wagner’s "Parsifal". The Savoy Theatre, built by Richard D’Oyley-Carte, is first British building with electric illumination.''
  
1854AD Dramatic Copyright law amended Start of the Crimean War
 
  
1855AD Sefton Parry first arrives in Cape Town, does performances with amateurs. Grey College founded in Bloemfontein, Orange Free State as a school for “Young Gentlemen” . Adams Mission School founded for Africans.
+
REPUBLICS OF STELLALAND AND GOOSEN DECLARED IN WESTERN TRANSVAAL.H.E BULWER BECOMES LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR  OF NATAL.
 +
'''EXILED CHIEF CHETSWAYO OF THE ZULU’S IS TAKEN TO SEE [[The Fair One with the Golden Locks|"THE FAIR ONE WITH THE GOLDEN LOCKS"]], A [[Disney Roebuck|ROEBUCK]] PANTOMIME IN CAPE TOWN.'''
  
1856AD Bessemer develops his steel process.
+
==1883AD==
 +
''Orient Express begins to run between Paris and Constantinople. Ferdinand de Lesseps begins work on Panama Canal. Nietsche’s "Thus Spake Zarathustra".  Stevenson’s "Treasure Island".''
  
1857AD Pasteur begins his studies of fermentation. Flaubert’s Madame Bovary. John Stuart Mill’s On Liberty. Free libraries open in England and Gerrmany. Sefton Parry returns to Cape Town  with professionals and builds a wooden theatre in Harrington Street. Anglo-French war agains China ends.
+
CONCESSION FOR A RAILWAY BETWEEN DELAGOA BAY AND THE TRANSVAAL GRANTED TO A US FIRM BY THE PORTUGUESE GOVERNMENT. PAUL KRUGER BECOMES PRESIDENT OF THE ZAR. GERMANY BEGINS SETTLEMENT OF SOUTH WEST AFRICA.
  
1858AD Arrival of Mr J.E.H. English, a celebrated comic vocalist, who opened a Music Hall. A rederykerskamer called Thespis active in Paarl Battle of Vegkop between the burgers of the Orange Free State and the Basutu.
+
==1884AD==
 +
''Trade Unions legalized in France. Parsons develops the steam turbine. Charles Parsons invents the first practical steam turbine engine. Cocaine used as an aneasthetic by New York surgeon Charles Halsted, who becomes an addict.''
  
1859AD Darwin’s Origin of the Species. Boucicault’s The Octoroon
+
J.T. JABAVU FOUNDS THE WEEKLY "IMVO ZABANTSUNDU" IN KING WILLIAM’S TOWN. E.C. WILLIAMS FIRST SOUTH AFRICAN FINALIST AT WIMBLEDON. MARIANHILL MISSION SCHOOL FOUNDED FOR AFRICANS. GERMANY OCCUPIES SOUTH WEST AFRICA. CHETSWAYO DIES AND IS SUCCEEDED AS KING OF THE ZULUS BY HIS SON DINIZULU. LUCAS MEYER AND OTHER TRANSVAAL BURGHERS FOUND THE NEW REPUBLIC AT VRYHEID.
  
1860AD Victor Hugo’s Les Misrables. The Theatre Royal, Cape Town opened by Parry. Kingdom of Italy established.
+
'''[[Theatre Royal|THEATRE ROYAL]] CAPE TOWN BURNS DOWN. REBUILT.'''
  
1861AD Solvay’s soda-making process simplifies textile, glass and soap industry. Napoleon III attacks Mexico.
+
==1885AD==
 +
''Bismark calls the Berlin Conference on Africa. Khartoum taken by the Mahdi and later recaptured by Kitchener. Congo State founded as personal possession of Belgian king Leopold II.''
 +
''Maxim invents machine gun. Pasteur administers first anti-rabies vaccine in France. The “Safety” bicycle  introduced by the Rover Company in England.''
 +
'''''Gilbert and Sullivan’s "The Mikado".'''''
  
1862AD Prince Alfred’s Theatre in use by King William’s Town Dramatic Club. A rederykerskamer Aurora active in Paarl. Bismark becomes Minister-President in Prussia.
+
'''[[Disney Roebuck|DISNEY ROEBUCK]] DIES AFTER A PERFORMANCE OF "CALLED BACK" IN THE [[Theatre Royal|THEATRE ROYAL]], CAPE TOWN.'''
  
1863AD Manet’s Déjeuner sur l’herbe. 1 April 1863 - First Tramway Company in Cape Town commences operations, with a horse-drawn service running on rails from the city to Green Point
+
==1886AD==
 +
''Burma annexed by British. Geronimo is captured in USA and Indian Wars end. Start of May Day workers celebrations, because of the Haymarket Massacre in Chicago.''
 +
''Aluminium made for first time. Kipling’s "Departmental Ditties". Nietsche’s "Beyond Good and Evil". Coca Cola goes on sale in Atlanta Georgia. Television pioneered by Nipkov in Germany. "Colonial and Indian Exhibition" in London.''
  
1864AD Siemens&Martin’s open hearth prosees for steel.   Garrison Theatre opens in Pietermaritzburg. Prussia declares war on Schleswig-Holstein.
+
SOUTH AFRICA’S FIRST ELECTRIC TRAMS RUND BETWEEN ADDERLEY STREET AND MOWBRAY HILL, CAPE TOWN. GOLD DISCOVERED ON THE WITWATERSRAND.
  
1865AD Pres. Lincoln assassinated in Ford’s Theatre, Washington. Lister introduces atiseptic surgery. T.W.Robertson’s Society The Dramatic Hall opens in Pietermaritzburg.  Door Yver Bloeit de Kunst resuscitated by J.C. Combrink, and lasts till 1910.
+
==1887AD==
1866AD Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment. Dynamite patented by Nobel. First transatlantic cable laid.  Chronegk joins the Meininger Co. as stage director. The rederykerskamer Aurora founded in Cape Town.
 
  
1867AD Siemens introduces dynamo. Marx’s Das Kapital, vol 1. Melt Brink's first performance for Aurora.
+
'''''Strindberg writes [[The Father]] and publishes [[Miss Julie]]. André Antoine opens Théâtre Libre in Paris.''' First Colonial Conference in London. Queen Victoria’s Golden Jubilee. Esperanto devised by Lazarus Zamenhof In Warsaw. Electricity introduced in Japan. Edison invents the motor driven phonograph, using wx cylinders.''
1868AD Willem Nel (a local Dutch play H.W. Teengs) performed in Paarl by Aurora.
 
  
1869AD Social Democratic Working Men’s Party founded in Germany. Suez Canal opened. Sarah Bernhardt in Le Passant Het Origineele Testament (Melt  Brink's first play) performed by Aurora.
+
THE NEDERLANDSCHE ZUID-AFRIKAANSCHE SPOORWEGMAATSCHAPPIJ IS CREATED TO BUILD A RAILWAY FROM KOMATIPOORT TO JOHANNESBURG AND PRETORIA. 8 NOVEMBER 1887 - THE JOHANNESBURG STOCK EXCHANGE IS ESTABLISHED. BRITAIN ANNEXES ZULULAND, BLOCKING THE TRANSVAAL’S ATTEMPTS TO FIND A ROUTE TO THE SEA.
  
1870AD Start of Franco-Prussian war.
+
'''[[Luscombe Searelle|LUSCOMBE SEARELLE]] BEGINS HIS THEATRICAL ACTIVITIES. THE [[Rederijkerskamers|REDERYKERSKAMER]] CALLED [[Aurora|AURORA]] CEASES ITS ACTIVITIES FOR THE DURATION OF [[South African War|ANGLO-BOER WAR]] HOSTILITIES.'''
  
1871AD Stanley finds Livingstone in Africa. Zola’s Les Rougon-Macquart. Darwin’s Descent of Man. Verdi’s Aïda. Paris Commune seeks to set up government in Paris. German Empire  and Third Republic in France founded.
+
==1888AD==
 +
''In Ireland Dunlop produces pneumatic tyre. In USA Kodak develops the box camera. “Jack the Ripper” makes headlines in London. Nansen crosses the ice-cap in Greenland. In Mannheim Benz motor carriages advertised for the first time. Burroughs patents his adding machine.''
  
1872AD
+
RHODES FORMS DE BEERS CONOLIDATED MINES. THE WANDERERS SPORTING CLUB FOUNDED IN JOHANNESBURG.  THE NEW REPUBLIC UNITES WITH THE TRANSVAAL TO BECOME THE DISTRICT OF VRYHEID. LOBENGULA, KING OF THE NDEBELE, ACCEPTS BRITISH PROTECTION. REITZ PRESIDENT OF THE OFS.
  
1873AD Maxwell’s study of electricity and magnetism. Spencer’s Study of Sociology. Emile Zola’s Thérèse Raquin Captain Disney Roebuck arrives in Cape Town.
+
'''FIRST THEATRE IN JOHANNESBURG, THE [[Globe Theatre|GLOBE]], OPENS.'''
  
1874AD Wundt’s Foundations of Physiological Psychology.
+
==1889AD==
 +
''Cordite patented by Abel and Dewar. First lifts installed by Otis in Demarest Building, New York. Eiffel Tower completed in Paris. Eastman produces first roll film''.
 +
'''''"A Doll’s House" in England, America. Otto Brahm founds "Der Freie Bühne" in Berlin.'''''
  
1875AD
+
RHODES FOUNDS THE BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA CO. SOUTH AFRICAN RUGBY BOARD IS FORMED. FIRST MAJOR BOXING MATCH IN SOUTH AFRICA HELD AT EAGLE’S NEST, JOHANNESBURG.
 +
'''THE [[President Theatre|PRESIDENT THEATRE]] ESTABLISHED ON CHURCH SQUARE BY [[Karl Reck|KARL RECK]].'''
  
1876AD Otto invents internal combustion engine. The new Theatre Royal opens, with Roebuck’s presentation of The Octoroon by Boucicault. Unie-Debatsvereniging founded. First edition of the Cape Times appears.
+
==1890AD==
 +
''First all-steel bridge built over the Firth of Forth. First electric underground railway in London. First commercial dry-cell battery (“Ever Ready”). First tetanus antitoxin produced. Peanut Butter invented as health food. First aluminium saucepan (by Henry Avery). Herman Hollerith’s new tabulating machine is used to compute the US Census. (His firm to evolve into IBM). Bismark is dismissed.Customs tariffs introduced in France.''
 +
''Vincent Van Gogh commits suicide. The “Gibson Girl” created by illustrator Charles Dana Gibson.''
 +
'''''Tschaikovsky’s "The Sleeping Beauty" performed in St Petersburg’s Maryinsky Theatre.'''''
  
1877AD Rodin’s first exhibition in Paris. Russo-Turkish War begins.
+
TRANSVAAL AND OFS CONCLUDE A TREATY OF MUTUAL ALLIANCE.
  
1878AD Pasteur lectures on his Germ Theory in Paris.
+
==1891AD==
Cable communication is established between England and the Cape Congress of Berlin partitions Africa among European powers.
+
''Triple Alliance of Germany, Italy and Austria renewed for 12 years. Work started on Trans Siberian railway. Conan Doyle’s “Sherlock Holmes” stories first published in Strand magazine. Toulouse-Lautrec’s Montmartre music-hall posters. Basketball invented at Springfield Mass., USA.''
  
1879AD Ibsen’s A Doll’s House
+
'''''J.T.Grein founds Independent Theatre Society in England. Wedekind’s "Spring Awakening"'''''.
  
1880AD Dostoevsky’s The Brothers Karamazov. Pasteur identifies the Streptococcus bacteria.  
+
NYASALAND BECOMES A BRITISH PROTECTORATE. JAMESON BECOMES ADMINISTRATOR OF BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA CO.’S TERRITORIES.
Gilbert and Sullivan’s The Pirates of Penzance Die Afrikaner Bond founded in the Cape Colony by “Onze Jan” Hofmeyr. Transvaal claims independence from Britain and declares itself a republic. The first Anglo-Boer war starts. Gladstone Prime Minister in Britain.
 
  
1881AD Billy the Kid killed by Sherrif Pat Garrett. Ibsen’s Ghosts,  Zola’s Le Naturalisme au théâtre. Irving and Terry stars on London stage Boers defeat British at Laing’s Nek and Majuba. The Pretoria Convention recognizes the independence of the South African Republic (ZAR). Alexander II assassinated and Alexander III becomes Tsar in Russia. The French occupy Tunis, the British occupy Egypt. The Three Emperors Alliance formed by Germany, Austria and Russia.
+
'''THE [[Standard Theatre|STANDARD THEATRE]] OPENED IN JOHANNESBURG.'''
  
1882AD Koch isolates bacillus of tuberculosis. Married Women’s Property Act in Britain. Daimler builds first petrol engine. Josef Breuer pioneers psycho-analysis in Vienna, by using hypnosis to cure hysteria. David Belasco arrives in New York. Wagner’s Parsifal. The Savoy Theatre, built by Richard D’Oyley-Carte, is first British building with electric illumination. Exiled Chief Chetswayo of the Zulu’s is taken to see The Fair One with the Golden Locks, a Roebuck pantomime in Cape Town. Republics of Stellaland and Goosen declared in Western Transvaal.H.E Bulwer becomes Lieutenant-Governor  of Natal. British occupy Egypt. Triple Alliance (Italy, Germany and Austro-Hungary) formed. France and Britain establish dual control of Suez Canal.
+
==1892AD==
 +
''Gladstone Prime Minister for 4th time. Diesel patents diesel internal combustion engine. Cross and Bevan discover viscose, making production of rayon possible.''
  
1883AD Nietsche’s Thus Spake Zarathustra. Orient Express begins to run between Paris and Constantinople. Ferdinand de Lesseps begins work on Panama Canal. Stevenson’s Treasure Island. Concession for a railway between Delagoa Bay and the Transvaal granted to a US firm by the Portuguese government. Paul Kruger becomes President of the ZAR. Germany begins settlement of South West Africa.
+
'''''Shaw’s [[Mrs Warren's Profession]]. Hauptmann’s "The Weavers".'''''
  
1884AD Trade Unions legalized in France. Parsons develops the steam turbine. Charles Parsons invents the first practical steam turbine engine. Cocaine used as an aneasthetic by New York surgeon Charles Halsted, who becomes an addict. Theatre Royal Cape Town burns down. Rebuilt. J.T. Jabavu founds the weekly Imvo Zabantsundu in King William’s Town. E.C. Williams first South African finalist at Wimbledon. Marianhill Mission School founded for Africans. Germany occupies South West Africa. Chetswayo dies and is succeeded as king of the Zulus by his son Dinizulu. Lucas Meyer and other Transvaal burghers found the New Republic at Vryheid.
+
RAILWAY FROM CAPE REACHES THE VAAL RIVER AND THE RAILWAY FROM KOMATIPOORT OPENED. ARCHITECT SIR HERBERT BAKER COMES TO SOUTH AFRICA. TRANSVAAL NATIONAL UNION FORMED BY THE UITLANDERS ON THE WITWATERSRAND.
  
1885AD Maxim invents machine gun. Pasteur administers first anti-rabies vaccine in France. The “Safety” bicycle  introduced by the Rover Company in England. Gilbert and Sullivan’s The Mikado. Disney Roebuck dies after a performance  of Called Back in the Theatre Royal, Cape Town. Bismark calls the Berlin Conference on Africa. Khartoum taken by the Mahdi and later recaptured by Kitchener. Congo State founded as personal possession of Belgian king Leopold II.
+
'''FIRST AFRIKAANS PLAYLETS BY [[J.H.H. de Waal|J.H.H. DE WAAL]], POSSIBLY PERFORMED AT UITENHAGE.'''
  
1886AD Aluminium made for first time. Kipling’s Departmental Ditties. Nietsche’s Beyond Good and Evil. Coca Cola goes on sale in Atlanta Georgia. Television pioneered by Nipkov in Germany. Colonial and Indian Exhibition in London. South Africa’s first Electric Trams rund between Adderley Street and Mowbray Hill, Cape Town. Gold discovered on the Witwatersrand. Burma annexed by British. Geronimo is captured in USA and Indian Wars end. Start of May Day workers celebrations, because of the Haymarket Massacre in Chicago.
+
==1893AD==
 +
''Independent labour party in Britain.  World’s first open-heart surgery in Chicago. Woman’s sufferage adopted in New Zealand (first country to do so). Wall Street collapse and 4 year depression. Nansen leads an expedition to the North Pole. Benz builds his four-wheel car. Tschaikovsky’s "Symphonie Pathétique".''
 +
 +
RAILWAY LINKING CAPE TOWN AND TO PRETORIA COMPLETED. JOHANNESBURG CYCLIST LOURENS MEINTJIES WINS WORLD TITLE AT CHICAGO CHICAGO WORLD’S FAIR. JOHANNESBURG SUBURB OF PARKTOWN LAID OUT. NATAL GRANTED SELF-GOVERNMENT. NDEBELE REVOLT AGAINST BRISTISH SA CO AND THIS IS CRUSHED BY JAMESON, WHO OCCUPIES BULAWAYO. PAUL KRUGER RE-ELECTED FOR 3RD TIME. GHANDI ARRIVES IN SOUTH AFRICA.
  
 +
'''THE [[Opera House|OPERA HOUSE]] IS INAUGURATED IN CAPE TOWN.'''
  
 +
==1894AD==
 +
''Uganda becomes a British protectorate. Japan declares war on China. Oil discovered in Texas. London’s Tower Bridge opened. Death duties (inheritance tax) introduced in Britain.''
 +
''The Dreyfus case begins in France. Kipling’s "The Jungle Book".'' 
 +
'''''Nellie Melba appears at Covent Garden and chef Auguste Escoffier of Savoy Hotel creates the Pêche Melba.'''''
  
 +
MAHATMA GHANDI FOUNDS THE NATAL INDIAN CONGRESS. JAMESON COMPLETES OCCUPATION OF MATABELELAND.
  
 +
'''BEN AND FRANK [[Wheeler Company|WHEELER]] ARE LEADING IMPRESSARIOS. THE [[Globe Theatre|GLOBE THEATRE]] IN JOHANNESBURG, RENAMED THE [[Empire Palace of Varieties|EMPIRE PALACE OF VARIETIES]]. [[D.P. du Toit|D.P. DU TOIT]] AND [[J.H.H. de Waal|JHH DE WAAL]] BEGIN THEIR THEATRICAL INVOLVEMENT IN CAPE TOWN AND BEGIN WRITING PLAYS IN AFRIKAANS.'''
  
 +
==1895AD==
 +
''Italian troops march into Ethiopia. East Africa Portectorate (later Kenya) created''.
  
 +
''First motion picture shown in Paris by the Lumière brothers. London School of Economics and Political Science founded.  Oscar Wilde’s unsuccessful case against the Warquess of Queensbury. Röntgen discovers X-rays. Marconi invents wireless telegraphy transmission.''
  
 +
'''''Oscar Wilde’s "The Importance of being Earnest". The first actor knighted in England (Irving). Publication of Appia’s "La Mise-en-scène du drame wagnérien"'''''.
  
 +
RHODESIA CREATED BY THE BRITISH SA CO. THE JAMIESON RAID TAKES PLACE WITH A FORCE OF BECHUANALAND POLICE AND VOLUNTEERS.
  
 +
RAILWAY BETWEEN PRETORIA AND DELAGOA BAY COMPLETED. [[Ons Spreekuur|ONS SPREEKUUR]] DEBATING SOCIETY FOUNDED IN STELLENBOSCH.
  
=== 1887AD ===
+
[[Gaiety Theatre|GAIETY THEATRE]] IN JOHANNESBURG OPENED AS A MUSIC HALL BY [[Harry Stodel|H. STODEL]]. Leonard Rayne|LEONARD RAYNE]] BROUGHT TO THE COUNTRY BY THE [[Wheeler Company|WHEELER]] BROTHERS. OPENING OF "[[Othello|OTHELLO]]" AT THE [[Standard Theatre|STANDARD THEATRE]], WITH [[Amy Coleridge|AMY COLERIDGE]] IN THE LEAD. AFTER THE FUSS OF THE JAMIESON RAID DIES DOWN, AUDIENCES FLOCK TO THE THEATRES AND PLAYERS ARE FÊTED.
  
'''[[Luscombe Searelle]] begins his theatrical activities The [[Rederijkerskamers|rederykerskamer]] called [[Aurora]] ceases its activities for the duration fo [[South African War|Anglo-Boer War]] hostilities.'''
+
==1896AD==
The Nederlandsche Zuid-Afrikaansche Spoorwegmaatschappij is created to build a railway from Komatipoort to Johannesburg and Pretoria. 8 November 1887 - The Johannesburg Stock Exchange in established. Britain annexes Zululand, blocking the Transvaal’s attempts to find a route to the sea.
+
''Italians defeated in Ethiopia. Lenin’s Development of Capitalism in Russia. Becquerel discovers radioactivity in uranium.''
  
''Strindberg writes [[The Father]] and publishes  [[Miss Julie]]. André Antoine opens Théâtre Libre in Paris. First Colonial Conference in London. Queen Victoria’s Golden Jubilee. Esperanto devised by Lazarus Zamenhof In Warsaw. Electricity introduced in Japan. Edison invents the motor driven phonograph, using wx cylinders.''
+
'''''Rioting at Paris production of Jarry’s "Ubu Roi". Chekhov’s "The Seagull". Puccini’s "La Boheme".'''''  
  
 +
JAMESON CAPTURED BY BOERS AND HANDED TO BRITISH FOR TRIAL. RHODES GOVERNMENT FALLS IN CAPE PROVINCE. M.T. STEYN BECOMES PRESIDENT OF THE OFS. THE NDEBELE AND MASHONA REBEL AGAINST BRITISH SA CO.
  
1887AD Queen Victoria’s Golden Jubilee. Esperanto devised by Lazarus Zamenhof In Warsaw. Electricity introduced in Japan. Edison invents the motor driven phonograph, using wx cylinders. . Strindberg writes The Father and publishes  Miss Julie. André Antoine opens Théâtre Libre in Paris . First Colonial Conference in London.
+
RINDERPEST (FATAL CATTLE DISEASE) INVADES SOUTH AFRICA. GOODS TRAIN AND A DYNAMITE TRAIN CRASH IN BRAAMFONTEIN, 80 KILLED. RAILWAY LINKING PRETORIA AND DURBAN COMPLETED. JENNINGS, A BRITON LIVING IN SA, INVENTS RADIO, INDEPENDENTLY OF MARCONI.
  
1888AD In Ireland Dunlop produces pneumatic tyre. In USA Kodak develops the box camera. “Jack the Ripper” makes headlines in London. Nansen crosses the ice-cap in Greenland. In Mannheim Benz motor carriages advertised for the first time. Burroughs patents his adding machine. First theatre in Johannesburg, The Globe, opens. Rhodes forms De Beers Conolidated Mines. The Wanderers Sporting Club founded in Johannesburg.  The New Republic unites with the Transvaal to become the district of Vryheid. Lobengula, king of the Ndebele, accepts British protection. Reitz president of the OFS.  
+
The oldest teacher training college in South Africa opened on 26 January 1896, in Wellington, in the Western Cape.
  
1889AD Cordite patented by Abel and Dewar. First lifts installed by Otis in Demarest Building, New York. Eiffel Tower completed in Paris. Eastman produces frst roll film. A Doll’s House in England, America. Otto Brahm founds Der Freie Bühne in Berlin The President Theatre established on Church square by Karl Reck. Rhodes founds the British South Africa Co. South African Rugby Board is formed. First major boxing match in South Africa held at Eagle’s Nest, Johannesburg.
+
MARK TWAIN TOURS SOUTH AFRICA WITH HIS “AT HOME”  LECTURES. FIRST SOUTH AFRICAN SHOWING OF THE CINEMATOGRAPH BY THE “ILLUSIONIST” CARL HERTZ, AT THE [[Empire Palace of Varieties|EMPIRE PALACE OF VARIETIES]], JOHANNESBURG (MAY 11). THE CULTURAL JOURNAL "[[Ons Klyntji|ONS KLYNTJI]]" ESTABLISHED, PUBLISHING PLAYS.
  
1890AD Vincent Van Gogh commits suicide. The “Gibson Girl” created by illustrator Charles Dana Gibson. First all-steel bridge built over the Firth of Forth. First electric underground railway in London. First commercial dry-cell battery (“Ever Ready”). First tetnus antitoxin produced. Peanut Butter invented as health food.First aluminium sucepan (by Henry Avery). Herman Hollerith’s new tabulating machine is used to compute the US Census. (His firm to evolve into IBM) Tschaikovsky’s The Sleeping Beauty performed in St Petersburg’s Maryinsky Theatre. Transvaal and OFS conclude a treaty of mutual alliance. Bismark is dismissed.Customs tariffs introduced in France.
+
==1897AD==
 +
''McKinley President in the USA.''
 +
''Diesel invents the diesel engine. Cezanne’s "Lake of Annecy". Thomson identifies the electron.'' 
  
1891AD Work started on Trans Siberian railway. Conan Doyle’s “Sherlock Holmes” stories first published in Strand magazine. Toulouse-Lautrec’s Montmartre music-hall posters. Basketball invented at Springfield Mass., USA. J.T.Grein founds Independent Theatre Society in England. Wedekind’s Spring Awakening The Standard Theatre opened in Johannesburg. Nyasaland becomes a British protectorate. Jameson becomes Administrator of British South Africa Co.’s territories. Triple Alliance of Germany, Italy and Austria renewed for 12 years.
+
KRUGER AND STEYN CONCLUDE A NEW PACT BETWEENTRANSVAAL AND OFS. MILNER BECOMES HIGH COMMISIONER OF CAPE COLONY.
 +
FIRST CAR ARRIVES IN SOUTH AFRICA.
  
1892AD Diesel patents diesel internal combustion engine. Cross and Bevan discover viscose, makingproduction of  rayon possible. Shaw’s Mrs Warren’s Profession. Hauptmann’s The Weavers First Afrikaans playlets by J.H.H. de Waal, possibly performed at Uitenhage. Railway from Cape reaches the Vaal River and the railway from Komatipoort opened. Architect Sir Herbert Baker comes to South Africa. Transvaal National Union formed by the uitlanders on the Witwatersrand. Gladstone Prime Minister for 4th time.  
+
'''DS S.J. DU TOIT’S [[Magrita Prinslo|MAGRITA PRINSLO]], FIRST FULL-LENGTH PLAY WRITTEN AND PRODUCED IN AFRIKAANS. [[Leonard Rayne|LEONARD RAYNE]] RETURNS TO SOUTH AFRICA TO PLAY IN  [[Master and Man|MASTER AND MAN]].'''
  
1893AD Independent labour party in Britain. Tschaikovsky’s Symphonie Pathétique. World’s first open-heart surgery in Chicago. Woman’s sufferage adopted in New Zealand (first country to do so). Wall Street collapse and 4 year depression.Nansen leads an expedition to the North Pole. Benz builds his  four-wheel car.  The Opera House is inaugurated in Cape Town. Railway linking Cape Town and to Pretoria completed. Johannesburg cyclist Lourens Meintjies wins world title at Chicago Chicago World’s Fair. Johannesburg suburb of Parktown laid out. Natal granted self-government. Ndebele revolt against Bristish SA Co and this is crushed by Jameson, who occupies Bulawayo. Paul Kruger re-elected for 3rd time. Ghandi arrives in South Africa.
+
==1898AD==
 +
''USA goes to war with Spain, peace is reached in same year.'' ''Curies discover radium.''
  
1894AD The Dreyfus case begins in France. Kipling’s The Jungle Book. Oil discovered in Texas. London’s Tower Bridge opened. Death duties (inheritance tax) introduced in Britain. Nellie Melba appears at Covent Garden and chef Auguste Escoffier of Savoy Hotel creates the Pêche Melba. Ben and Frank Wheeler are leading impressarios. The Globe Theatre in Johannesburg, renamed The Empire Palace of Varieties. D.P. du Toit and JHH de Waal begin their theatrical involvement in Cape Town and begin writing plays in Afrikaans. Mahatma Ghandi founds the Natal Indian Congress. Jameson completes occupation of Matabeleland. Uganda becomes a British protectorate. Japan declares war on China.  
+
'''''Irish Literary Theatre formed. Moscow Art Theatre formed. Chekhov’s "The Seagull" a triumph.'''''
  
1895AD First motion picture shown in Paris by the Lumière brothers. London School of Economics and Political Science founded. Oscar Wilde’s unsuccessful case against the Warquess of Queensbury. Röntgen discovers X-rays. Marconi invents wireless telegraphy transmission. Oscar Wilde’s The Importance of being Earnest. The first actor knighted in England (Irving). Publication of Appia’s La Mise-en-scène du drame wagnérien Gaiety Theatre in Johannesburg opened as a music hall by H. Stodel. Leonard Rayne brought to the country by the Wheeler brothers. Opening of Othello at the Standard Theatre, with Amy Coleridge in the lead. After the fuss of the Jamieson raid dies down, audiences flock to the theatres and players are fêted. Railway between Pretoria and Delagoa Bay completed.
+
W.P. SCHREINER BECOMES PRIME MINISTER OF CAPE COLONY.
Ons Spreekuur debating society founded in Stellenbosch. Rhodesia created by the British SA Co. The Jamieson Raid takes place with a force of Bechuanaland police and volunteers. Italian troops march into Ethiopia. East Africa Portectorate (later Kenya) created.
 
  
1896AD Italians defeated in Ethiopia. Lenin’s Development of Capitalism in Russia. Becquerel discovers radioactivity in uranium. Rioting at Paris production of Jarry’s Ubu Roi. Chekhov’s The Seagull. Puccini’s La Boheme. Mark Twain tours South Africa with his “At Home”  lectures. First South African showing of the cinematograph by the “illusionist” Carl Hertz, at the Empire Palace of Varieties, Johannesburg (May 11). The cultural journal Ons Klyntji established, publishing plays. Rinderpest (fatal cattle disease) invades South Africa. Goods train and a dynamite train crash in Braamfontein, 80 killed. Railway linking Pretoria and Durban completed. Jennings, a Briton living in SA, invents radio, independently of Marconi. Jameson captured by Boers and handed to British for trial. Rhodes government falls in Cape Province. M.T. Steyn becomes President of the OFS. The Ndebele and Mashona rebel against British SA Co.
+
'''[[Leonard Rayne|LEONARD RAYNE]] RETURNS AGAIN WITH HIS OWN COMPANY, TO APPEAR AT THE [[Opera House|OPERA HOUSE]], CAPE TOWN.'''
  
1897AD Diesel invents the diesel engine. Cezanne’s Lake of Annecy. Thomson identifies the electron.  Ds S.J. du Toit’s Magrita Prinslo,  first full-length play written and produced in Afrikaans. Leonard Rayne returns to South Africa to play in Master and Man.  First car arrives in South Africa. Kruger and Steyn conclude a new pact betweenTransvaal and OFS. Milner becomes high commisioner of Cape Colony. McKinley President in the USA.
+
==1899AD==
 +
''First Hague Peace Conference. Boxer Rebellion in China and put down by European powers, USA and Japan. Freud’s Interpretation of Dreams.''
  
1898AD Curies discover radium. Irish Literary Theatre formed. Moscow Art Theatre formed. Chekhov’s The Seagull a triumph Leonard Rayne returns again with his own company, to appear at the Opera House, Cape Town. W.P. Schreiner becomes Prime Minister of Cape Colony. USA goes to war with Spain, peace is reached in same year.
+
'''''Gillette’s "Sherlock Holmes" in USA. “Savage South Africa: show in London, as part of the "Greater Britain Exhibition".'''''
 
  
 +
KRUGER ISSUES AN ULTIMATUM DEMANDING THE WITHDRAWEL OF BRITISH TROOPS FROM THE TRANSVAAL BORDER. ON OCTOBER 11 THE ANGLO-BOER WAR (THE SOUTH AFRICAN WAR) STARTS. SIR REDVERS BULLER TAKES CHARGE OF BRITISH TROOPS.
 +
ENOCH SANTONGA WRITES “NKOSI SIKILEL’ IAFRIKA”. THE MOUNT NELSON HOTEL OPENS IN CAPE TOWN.
  
+
'''[[Luscombe Searelle|LUSCOMBE SEARELLE]]’S MUSIC HALL IS TAKEN OVER BY [[Harry Stodel|HARRY STODEL]]. [[Johannesburgse Toneelvereniging|JOHANNESBURGSE TONEELVERENIGING]] FOUNDED. THE [[Wheeler Company|WHEELERS]] OPEN THE [[Earl's Court Garden Theatre|EARL’S COURT GARDEN THEATRE]].'''
  
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+
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Key to entries

Items in normal text indicate South African non-theatrical events and activities Items printed in bold indicate South African theatre and performance events. All items in italics refer to international (i.e. non-South African) events or international theatre and performance events

Entries

1800AD

SIR GEORGE YONGE LAUNCHES CAPE TOWN GAZETTE AND KAAPSCHE STADS COURANT AND “THE SOCIETY FOR THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURE, ARTS AND SCIENCES”.

DR SOMERS UTILIZES THE BARRACKS THEATRE, OPENING WITH "TASTE BY FOOTE". A PETITION FOR A SUBSCRIPTION PUBLIC THEATRE FROM TOWNSPEOPLE (DUTCH AND ENGLISH). THE AFRICAN THEATRE PLANNED AND BUILDING COMMENCES.

1801AD

SIR GEORGE YONGE RECALLED TO ENGLAND TO FACE CHARGES.

THE AFRICAN THEATRE OPENS IN CAPE TOWN WITH A PRODUCTION OF "HENRY IV". LADY ANNE BARNARD WRITES “FIRST REVIEW” IN HER LETTERS. .

1802AD

End of third border war

1803AD

British occupy Delhi, but retain puppet Mughal emperors.

CAPE REVERTS TO DUTCH RULE (BATAVIAN PERIOD) WITH DE MIST AS COMMISIONER GENERAL AND JANSSENS AS GOVERNOR.

TOT NUT VAN’T ALGEMEEN”, AN ARTS AND SCIENCES SOCIETY FOUNDED IN CAPE TOWN.

"DIE PAPEGAY" BY KOTZEBUE PERFORMED BY DUTCH AMATEURS IN CAPE TOWN, AND VOLTAIRE’S "ZAIRE" ALSO PERFORMED. FIRST APPEARANCES BY CHARLES VILLET.

1804AD

PIT ADDED TO THE AFRICAN THEATRE.

1805AD

Mohammed Ali becomes undisputed ruler of Egypt.

1806AD

Kleist’s "The Broken Jug".

GENERAL JANSSENS CAPITULATES TO BRITISH , WHO RE-OCCUPY THE CAPE.

CHARLES BONIFACE ARRIVES IN CAPE TOWN.

1807 AD

CAPTAIN FRAZER ARRIVES IN THE CAPE WITH THE OCCUPYING FORCES AND REVITALIZES THE GARRISON THEATRICALS. “ALL THE WORLD'S A STAGE” FOUNDED BY FRAZER AND CO. AND PERFORM SHE STOOPS TO CONQUER IN THE AFRICAN THEATRE. THE “FRENCH THEATRE” ERECTED IN J.H.BERG’S STORE IN BERG STREET.

1808AD

DUTCH/FRENCH “HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE” FOUNDED UNDER BONIFACE’S LEADERSHIP. (?)

1809 AD

TOT NUT EN VERMAAK” FOUNDED IN CAPE TOWN.

1811 AD

First appearance of "Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen.

1813 AD

HET BELEG EN NAMEN VAN TROYEN A BALLET-PANTOMIME BY C.E. BONIFACE PRODUCED AT THE AFRICAN THEATRE.

1814 AD

THOMAS SHERIDAN, SON OF THE PLAYWRIGHT, ARRIVES IN CAPE TOWN AS COLONIAL TREASURER. SIR CHARLES SOMERSET APPOINTED GOVERNOR.

1815AD

Gas installed in Covent Garden. WILD OATS PERFORMED IN CAPE TOWN AND SIMON’S TOWN, WITH AN OCCASIONAL ADDRESS WRITTEN AND SPOKEN BY THOMAS SHERIDAN. THE BALLET SAPHO BY C.E.BONIFACE FIRST PERFORMED IN DUTCH IN THE AFRICAN THEATRE, CAPE TOWN.

1818 AD

J.Suasso de Lima arrives in Cape Town.

PERFORMERS FROM THE ROYAL THEATRE LIVERPOOL ARRIVE AND PERFORM TOBIN’S THE HONEYMOON AT AFRICAN THEATRE, ASSISTED BY LOCAL AMATEURS, AS THEIR FIRST SHOW OF A 10 PLAY SEASON.

1820AD

Russian serf Shchepkin freed to lead an acting troupe (Became the mentor for Konstantin Stanislavski[1]). Kean and Macready active in London.

THE FIRST 1820 SETTLERS FROM ENGLAND ARRIVE IN DELAGOA BAY AND ARE SETTLED ON FARMS ON THE EASTERN BORDER.

1823 AD

DE DOLZINNIGE (L’ENRAGE) BY BONIFACE, TR. BY DE LIMA, PRODUCED IN CAPE TOWN.

1825 AD

DE BURGER EDELMAN (LE BOURGEOIS GENTILHOMME BY MOLIÉRE, TR BY BONIFACE) PERFORMED IN CAPE TOWN. WITH A CHOIR AND TURKISH BALLET!

1826 AD

DE LIMA FOUNDS DE VERZAMELAAR, A NEWSPAPER.

1829 AD

A Dutch play, De Verstrooying, performed in Stellenbosch, possibly one of the first signs of theatrical activity in the town.

1830AD

Madame Vestris becomes manager of the Olympic Theatre. Hugo’s Hernani sparks riots in Paris.

1832AD

Dunlap’s History of the American Theatre published.

LOVEDALE MISSION SCHOOL FOUNDED FOR AFRICANS.

BONIFACE’S DE NIEUWE RIDDERORDE OF DE TEMPERANTISTEN PUBLISHED. THE "NEW BALLET DANCE" JACK AT THE CAPE, OR ALL ALIVE AMONG THE HOTTENTOTS! PRESENTED IN CAPE TOWN.

1835AD

Buchner’s Danton’s Tod published.

BONIFACE WRITES KOCKINCOZ OR THE PETTIFOGGING LAWYER'S PLOT.

1836AD

Gogol’s The Government Inspector. American Edwin Forrester performs in London.

1840 AD

BONIFACE FOUNDS DE NATALIER EN PIETERMARITZBURGSCHE TROUWE AANTEKENAAR, A NEWSPAPER IN PIETERMARITZBURG.

1843AD

Theatres Act rescinds power of the Patent Theatres. Macready’s first tour of the USA.

1849AD

Scribe’s Adrienne Lecouvreur.

1851AD

Great Exhibition opens in the Crystal Palace, London. Napoleon III seizes power in France.

Charles Kean manages the Princess theatre. Ibsen appointed at the Bergen Theatre. Labiche’s "The Italian Straw Hat".

1852AD

Second Empire begins in France.

Dumas fils’s "La Dame aux Camelias"

1853AD

Exhibition of Zulu Kafirs opens in London.

THE LYCEUM THEATRE OPENS IN PORT ELIZABETH.

1854AD

Start of the Crimean War.

Dramatic Copyright law amended.

1855AD

GREY COLLEGE FOUNDED IN BLOEMFONTEIN, ORANGE FREE STATE AS A SCHOOL FOR “YOUNG GENTLEMEN” . ADAMS MISSION SCHOOL FOUNDED FOR AFRICANS.

SEFTON PARRY FIRST ARRIVES IN CAPE TOWN, DOES PERFORMANCES WITH AMATEURS.

1856AD

Bessemer develops his steel process.

1857AD

Anglo-French war agains China ends. Pasteur begins his studies of fermentation. Free libraries open in England and Gerrmany. Flaubert’s "Madame Bovary". John Stuart Mill’s "On Liberty".

SEFTON PARRY RETURNS TO CAPE TOWN WITH PROFESSIONALS AND BUILDS A WOODEN THEATRE IN HARRINGTON STREET.

1858AD

BATTLE OF VEGKOP BETWEEN THE BURGERS OF THE ORANGE FREE STATE AND THE BASUTU.

ARRIVAL OF MR J.E.H. ENGLISH, A CELEBRATED COMIC VOCALIST, WHO OPENED A MUSIC HALL.

A REDERYKERSKAMER CALLED THESPIS ACTIVE IN PAARL.

1859AD

Darwin’s "Origin of the Species".

Boucicault’s "The Octoroon"

1860AD

Kingdom of Italy established.

Victor Hugo’s "Les Misrables".

THE THEATRE ROYAL, CAPE TOWN OPENED BY PARRY.

1861AD

Solvay’s soda-making process simplifies textile, glass and soap industry. Napoleon III attacks Mexico.

1862AD

Bismark becomes Minister-President in Prussia.

PRINCE ALFRED’S THEATRE IN USE BY KING WILLIAM’S TOWN DRAMATIC CLUB.

A REDERYKERSKAMER AURORA ACTIVE IN PAARL.

1863AD

Manet’s Déjeuner sur l’herbe.

1 APRIL 1863 - FIRST TRAMWAY COMPANY IN CAPE TOWN COMMENCES OPERATIONS, WITH A HORSE-DRAWN SERVICE RUNNING ON RAILS FROM THE CITY TO GREEN POINT

1864AD

Siemens & Martin’s open hearth prosess for steel. Prussia declares war on Schleswig-Holstein.

GARRISON THEATRE OPENS IN PIETERMARITZBURG.

1865AD

Pres. Lincoln assassinated in Ford’s Theatre, Washington. Lister introduces antiseptic surgery. T.W.Robertson’s "Society".

THE DRAMATIC HALL OPENS IN PIETERMARITZBURG. DOOR YVER BLOEIT DE KUNST RESUSCITATED BY J.C. COMBRINK, AND LASTS TILL 1910.

1866AD

Dynamite patented by Nobel. First transatlantic cable laid. Dostoevsky’s "Crime and Punishment". Chronegk joins the Meininger Co. as stage director.

THE REDERYKERSKAMER AURORA FOUNDED IN CAPE TOWN.

1867AD

Siemens introduces dynamo. Marx’s Das Kapital, vol 1.

MELT BRINK'S FIRST PERFORMANCE FOR AURORA.

1868AD

WILLEM NEL (A LOCAL DUTCH PLAY BY H.W. TEENGS) PERFORMED IN PAARL BY AURORA.

1869AD

Social Democratic Working Men’s Party founded in Germany. Suez Canal opened. Sarah Bernhardt in "Le Passant".

HET ORIGINEELE TESTAMENT (MELT BRINK'S FIRST PLAY) PERFORMED BY AURORA.

1870AD

Start of Franco-Prussian war.

1871AD

Stanley finds Livingstone in Africa. Zola’s "Les Rougon-Macquart". Darwin’s "Descent of Man". Paris Commune seeks to set up government in Paris. German Empire and Third Republic in France founded.

Verdi’s "Aïda".

1873AD

Maxwell’s study of electricity and magnetism. Spencer’s "Study of Sociology". Emile Zola’s "Thérèse Raquin".

CAPTAIN DISNEY ROEBUCK ARRIVES IN CAPE TOWN.

1874AD

Wundt’s "Foundations of Physiological Psychology".

1876AD

Otto invents internal combustion engine.

UNIE-DEBATSVERENIGING FOUNDED. FIRST EDITION OF "THE CAPE TIMES" APPEARS. THE NEW THEATRE ROYAL OPENS, WITH ROEBUCK’S PRESENTATION OF THE OCTOROON BY BOUCICAULT.

1877AD

Russo-Turkish War begins. Rodin’s first exhibition in Paris.

1878AD

Congress of Berlin partitions Africa among European powers. Pasteur lectures on his Germ Theory in Paris.

CABLE COMMUNICATION IS ESTABLISHED BETWEEN ENGLAND AND THE CAPE.

1879AD

Ibsen’s "A Doll’s House"

1880AD

Gladstone Prime Minister in Britain. Pasteur identifies the Streptococcus bacteria. Dostoevsky’s "The Brothers Karamazov". Gilbert and Sullivan’s "The Pirates of Penzance".

DIE AFRIKANER BOND FOUNDED IN THE CAPE COLONY BY “ONZE JAN” HOFMEYR. TRANSVAAL CLAIMS INDEPENDENCE FROM BRITAIN AND DECLARES ITSELF A REPUBLIC. THE FIRST ANGLO-BOER WAR STARTS.

1881AD

Alexander II assassinated and Alexander III becomes Tsar in Russia. The French occupy Tunis, the British occupy Egypt. The Three Emperors Alliance formed by Germany, Austria and Russia. Billy the Kid killed by Sherrif Pat Garrett. Ibsen’s "Ghosts", Zola’s "Le Naturalisme au théâtre". Irving and Terry stars on London stage.

BOERS DEFEAT BRITISH AT LAING’S NEK AND MAJUBA. THE PRETORIA CONVENTION RECOGNIZES THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLIC (ZAR).

1882AD

British occupy Egypt. Triple Alliance (Italy, Germany and Austro-Hungary) formed. France and Britain establish dual control of Suez Canal. Koch isolates bacillus of tuberculosis. Married Women’s Property Act in Britain. Daimler builds first petrol engine. Josef Breuer pioneers psycho-analysis in Vienna, by using hypnosis to cure hysteria. David Belasco arrives in New York. Wagner’s "Parsifal". The Savoy Theatre, built by Richard D’Oyley-Carte, is first British building with electric illumination.


REPUBLICS OF STELLALAND AND GOOSEN DECLARED IN WESTERN TRANSVAAL.H.E BULWER BECOMES LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR OF NATAL. EXILED CHIEF CHETSWAYO OF THE ZULU’S IS TAKEN TO SEE "THE FAIR ONE WITH THE GOLDEN LOCKS", A ROEBUCK PANTOMIME IN CAPE TOWN.

1883AD

Orient Express begins to run between Paris and Constantinople. Ferdinand de Lesseps begins work on Panama Canal. Nietsche’s "Thus Spake Zarathustra". Stevenson’s "Treasure Island".

CONCESSION FOR A RAILWAY BETWEEN DELAGOA BAY AND THE TRANSVAAL GRANTED TO A US FIRM BY THE PORTUGUESE GOVERNMENT. PAUL KRUGER BECOMES PRESIDENT OF THE ZAR. GERMANY BEGINS SETTLEMENT OF SOUTH WEST AFRICA.

1884AD

Trade Unions legalized in France. Parsons develops the steam turbine. Charles Parsons invents the first practical steam turbine engine. Cocaine used as an aneasthetic by New York surgeon Charles Halsted, who becomes an addict.

J.T. JABAVU FOUNDS THE WEEKLY "IMVO ZABANTSUNDU" IN KING WILLIAM’S TOWN. E.C. WILLIAMS FIRST SOUTH AFRICAN FINALIST AT WIMBLEDON. MARIANHILL MISSION SCHOOL FOUNDED FOR AFRICANS. GERMANY OCCUPIES SOUTH WEST AFRICA. CHETSWAYO DIES AND IS SUCCEEDED AS KING OF THE ZULUS BY HIS SON DINIZULU. LUCAS MEYER AND OTHER TRANSVAAL BURGHERS FOUND THE NEW REPUBLIC AT VRYHEID.

THEATRE ROYAL CAPE TOWN BURNS DOWN. REBUILT.

1885AD

Bismark calls the Berlin Conference on Africa. Khartoum taken by the Mahdi and later recaptured by Kitchener. Congo State founded as personal possession of Belgian king Leopold II. Maxim invents machine gun. Pasteur administers first anti-rabies vaccine in France. The “Safety” bicycle introduced by the Rover Company in England. Gilbert and Sullivan’s "The Mikado".

DISNEY ROEBUCK DIES AFTER A PERFORMANCE OF "CALLED BACK" IN THE THEATRE ROYAL, CAPE TOWN.

1886AD

Burma annexed by British. Geronimo is captured in USA and Indian Wars end. Start of May Day workers celebrations, because of the Haymarket Massacre in Chicago. Aluminium made for first time. Kipling’s "Departmental Ditties". Nietsche’s "Beyond Good and Evil". Coca Cola goes on sale in Atlanta Georgia. Television pioneered by Nipkov in Germany. "Colonial and Indian Exhibition" in London.

SOUTH AFRICA’S FIRST ELECTRIC TRAMS RUND BETWEEN ADDERLEY STREET AND MOWBRAY HILL, CAPE TOWN. GOLD DISCOVERED ON THE WITWATERSRAND.

1887AD

Strindberg writes The Father and publishes Miss Julie. André Antoine opens Théâtre Libre in Paris. First Colonial Conference in London. Queen Victoria’s Golden Jubilee. Esperanto devised by Lazarus Zamenhof In Warsaw. Electricity introduced in Japan. Edison invents the motor driven phonograph, using wx cylinders.

THE NEDERLANDSCHE ZUID-AFRIKAANSCHE SPOORWEGMAATSCHAPPIJ IS CREATED TO BUILD A RAILWAY FROM KOMATIPOORT TO JOHANNESBURG AND PRETORIA. 8 NOVEMBER 1887 - THE JOHANNESBURG STOCK EXCHANGE IS ESTABLISHED. BRITAIN ANNEXES ZULULAND, BLOCKING THE TRANSVAAL’S ATTEMPTS TO FIND A ROUTE TO THE SEA.

LUSCOMBE SEARELLE BEGINS HIS THEATRICAL ACTIVITIES. THE REDERYKERSKAMER CALLED AURORA CEASES ITS ACTIVITIES FOR THE DURATION OF ANGLO-BOER WAR HOSTILITIES.

1888AD

In Ireland Dunlop produces pneumatic tyre. In USA Kodak develops the box camera. “Jack the Ripper” makes headlines in London. Nansen crosses the ice-cap in Greenland. In Mannheim Benz motor carriages advertised for the first time. Burroughs patents his adding machine.

RHODES FORMS DE BEERS CONOLIDATED MINES. THE WANDERERS SPORTING CLUB FOUNDED IN JOHANNESBURG. THE NEW REPUBLIC UNITES WITH THE TRANSVAAL TO BECOME THE DISTRICT OF VRYHEID. LOBENGULA, KING OF THE NDEBELE, ACCEPTS BRITISH PROTECTION. REITZ PRESIDENT OF THE OFS.

FIRST THEATRE IN JOHANNESBURG, THE GLOBE, OPENS.

1889AD

Cordite patented by Abel and Dewar. First lifts installed by Otis in Demarest Building, New York. Eiffel Tower completed in Paris. Eastman produces first roll film. "A Doll’s House" in England, America. Otto Brahm founds "Der Freie Bühne" in Berlin.

RHODES FOUNDS THE BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA CO. SOUTH AFRICAN RUGBY BOARD IS FORMED. FIRST MAJOR BOXING MATCH IN SOUTH AFRICA HELD AT EAGLE’S NEST, JOHANNESBURG. THE PRESIDENT THEATRE ESTABLISHED ON CHURCH SQUARE BY KARL RECK.

1890AD

First all-steel bridge built over the Firth of Forth. First electric underground railway in London. First commercial dry-cell battery (“Ever Ready”). First tetanus antitoxin produced. Peanut Butter invented as health food. First aluminium saucepan (by Henry Avery). Herman Hollerith’s new tabulating machine is used to compute the US Census. (His firm to evolve into IBM). Bismark is dismissed.Customs tariffs introduced in France. Vincent Van Gogh commits suicide. The “Gibson Girl” created by illustrator Charles Dana Gibson. Tschaikovsky’s "The Sleeping Beauty" performed in St Petersburg’s Maryinsky Theatre.

TRANSVAAL AND OFS CONCLUDE A TREATY OF MUTUAL ALLIANCE.

1891AD

Triple Alliance of Germany, Italy and Austria renewed for 12 years. Work started on Trans Siberian railway. Conan Doyle’s “Sherlock Holmes” stories first published in Strand magazine. Toulouse-Lautrec’s Montmartre music-hall posters. Basketball invented at Springfield Mass., USA.

J.T.Grein founds Independent Theatre Society in England. Wedekind’s "Spring Awakening".

NYASALAND BECOMES A BRITISH PROTECTORATE. JAMESON BECOMES ADMINISTRATOR OF BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA CO.’S TERRITORIES.

THE STANDARD THEATRE OPENED IN JOHANNESBURG.

1892AD

Gladstone Prime Minister for 4th time. Diesel patents diesel internal combustion engine. Cross and Bevan discover viscose, making production of rayon possible.

Shaw’s Mrs Warren's Profession. Hauptmann’s "The Weavers".

RAILWAY FROM CAPE REACHES THE VAAL RIVER AND THE RAILWAY FROM KOMATIPOORT OPENED. ARCHITECT SIR HERBERT BAKER COMES TO SOUTH AFRICA. TRANSVAAL NATIONAL UNION FORMED BY THE UITLANDERS ON THE WITWATERSRAND.

FIRST AFRIKAANS PLAYLETS BY J.H.H. DE WAAL, POSSIBLY PERFORMED AT UITENHAGE.

1893AD

Independent labour party in Britain. World’s first open-heart surgery in Chicago. Woman’s sufferage adopted in New Zealand (first country to do so). Wall Street collapse and 4 year depression. Nansen leads an expedition to the North Pole. Benz builds his four-wheel car. Tschaikovsky’s "Symphonie Pathétique".

RAILWAY LINKING CAPE TOWN AND TO PRETORIA COMPLETED. JOHANNESBURG CYCLIST LOURENS MEINTJIES WINS WORLD TITLE AT CHICAGO CHICAGO WORLD’S FAIR. JOHANNESBURG SUBURB OF PARKTOWN LAID OUT. NATAL GRANTED SELF-GOVERNMENT. NDEBELE REVOLT AGAINST BRISTISH SA CO AND THIS IS CRUSHED BY JAMESON, WHO OCCUPIES BULAWAYO. PAUL KRUGER RE-ELECTED FOR 3RD TIME. GHANDI ARRIVES IN SOUTH AFRICA.

THE OPERA HOUSE IS INAUGURATED IN CAPE TOWN.

1894AD

Uganda becomes a British protectorate. Japan declares war on China. Oil discovered in Texas. London’s Tower Bridge opened. Death duties (inheritance tax) introduced in Britain. The Dreyfus case begins in France. Kipling’s "The Jungle Book". Nellie Melba appears at Covent Garden and chef Auguste Escoffier of Savoy Hotel creates the Pêche Melba.

MAHATMA GHANDI FOUNDS THE NATAL INDIAN CONGRESS. JAMESON COMPLETES OCCUPATION OF MATABELELAND.

BEN AND FRANK WHEELER ARE LEADING IMPRESSARIOS. THE GLOBE THEATRE IN JOHANNESBURG, RENAMED THE EMPIRE PALACE OF VARIETIES. D.P. DU TOIT AND JHH DE WAAL BEGIN THEIR THEATRICAL INVOLVEMENT IN CAPE TOWN AND BEGIN WRITING PLAYS IN AFRIKAANS.

1895AD

Italian troops march into Ethiopia. East Africa Portectorate (later Kenya) created.

First motion picture shown in Paris by the Lumière brothers. London School of Economics and Political Science founded. Oscar Wilde’s unsuccessful case against the Warquess of Queensbury. Röntgen discovers X-rays. Marconi invents wireless telegraphy transmission.

Oscar Wilde’s "The Importance of being Earnest". The first actor knighted in England (Irving). Publication of Appia’s "La Mise-en-scène du drame wagnérien".

RHODESIA CREATED BY THE BRITISH SA CO. THE JAMIESON RAID TAKES PLACE WITH A FORCE OF BECHUANALAND POLICE AND VOLUNTEERS.

RAILWAY BETWEEN PRETORIA AND DELAGOA BAY COMPLETED. ONS SPREEKUUR DEBATING SOCIETY FOUNDED IN STELLENBOSCH.

GAIETY THEATRE IN JOHANNESBURG OPENED AS A MUSIC HALL BY H. STODEL. Leonard Rayne|LEONARD RAYNE]] BROUGHT TO THE COUNTRY BY THE WHEELER BROTHERS. OPENING OF "OTHELLO" AT THE STANDARD THEATRE, WITH AMY COLERIDGE IN THE LEAD. AFTER THE FUSS OF THE JAMIESON RAID DIES DOWN, AUDIENCES FLOCK TO THE THEATRES AND PLAYERS ARE FÊTED.

1896AD

Italians defeated in Ethiopia. Lenin’s Development of Capitalism in Russia. Becquerel discovers radioactivity in uranium.

Rioting at Paris production of Jarry’s "Ubu Roi". Chekhov’s "The Seagull". Puccini’s "La Boheme".

JAMESON CAPTURED BY BOERS AND HANDED TO BRITISH FOR TRIAL. RHODES GOVERNMENT FALLS IN CAPE PROVINCE. M.T. STEYN BECOMES PRESIDENT OF THE OFS. THE NDEBELE AND MASHONA REBEL AGAINST BRITISH SA CO.

RINDERPEST (FATAL CATTLE DISEASE) INVADES SOUTH AFRICA. GOODS TRAIN AND A DYNAMITE TRAIN CRASH IN BRAAMFONTEIN, 80 KILLED. RAILWAY LINKING PRETORIA AND DURBAN COMPLETED. JENNINGS, A BRITON LIVING IN SA, INVENTS RADIO, INDEPENDENTLY OF MARCONI.

The oldest teacher training college in South Africa opened on 26 January 1896, in Wellington, in the Western Cape.

MARK TWAIN TOURS SOUTH AFRICA WITH HIS “AT HOME” LECTURES. FIRST SOUTH AFRICAN SHOWING OF THE CINEMATOGRAPH BY THE “ILLUSIONIST” CARL HERTZ, AT THE EMPIRE PALACE OF VARIETIES, JOHANNESBURG (MAY 11). THE CULTURAL JOURNAL "ONS KLYNTJI" ESTABLISHED, PUBLISHING PLAYS.

1897AD

McKinley President in the USA. Diesel invents the diesel engine. Cezanne’s "Lake of Annecy". Thomson identifies the electron.

KRUGER AND STEYN CONCLUDE A NEW PACT BETWEENTRANSVAAL AND OFS. MILNER BECOMES HIGH COMMISIONER OF CAPE COLONY. FIRST CAR ARRIVES IN SOUTH AFRICA.

DS S.J. DU TOIT’S MAGRITA PRINSLO, FIRST FULL-LENGTH PLAY WRITTEN AND PRODUCED IN AFRIKAANS. LEONARD RAYNE RETURNS TO SOUTH AFRICA TO PLAY IN MASTER AND MAN.

1898AD

USA goes to war with Spain, peace is reached in same year. Curies discover radium.

Irish Literary Theatre formed. Moscow Art Theatre formed. Chekhov’s "The Seagull" a triumph.

W.P. SCHREINER BECOMES PRIME MINISTER OF CAPE COLONY.

LEONARD RAYNE RETURNS AGAIN WITH HIS OWN COMPANY, TO APPEAR AT THE OPERA HOUSE, CAPE TOWN.

1899AD

First Hague Peace Conference. Boxer Rebellion in China and put down by European powers, USA and Japan. Freud’s Interpretation of Dreams.

Gillette’s "Sherlock Holmes" in USA. “Savage South Africa: show in London, as part of the "Greater Britain Exhibition".

KRUGER ISSUES AN ULTIMATUM DEMANDING THE WITHDRAWEL OF BRITISH TROOPS FROM THE TRANSVAAL BORDER. ON OCTOBER 11 THE ANGLO-BOER WAR (THE SOUTH AFRICAN WAR) STARTS. SIR REDVERS BULLER TAKES CHARGE OF BRITISH TROOPS. ENOCH SANTONGA WRITES “NKOSI SIKILEL’ IAFRIKA”. THE MOUNT NELSON HOTEL OPENS IN CAPE TOWN.

LUSCOMBE SEARELLE’S MUSIC HALL IS TAKEN OVER BY HARRY STODEL. JOHANNESBURGSE TONEELVERENIGING FOUNDED. THE WHEELERS OPEN THE EARL’S COURT GARDEN THEATRE.

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