Faust the character

Faust is the protagonist of a classic German legend (based on the historical Johann Georg Faust - c. 1480–1540); a highly successful scholar, but also one dissatisfied with his life, who therefore makes a deal with the Devil, exchanging his soul for unlimited knowledge and worldly pleasures. Faust's tale is the basis for a large number of literary, artistic, cinematic, and musical works.

(For more on versions of the Faust legend, see Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faust)

Faust on stage

Plays and comic puppet theatre loosely based on this legend were popular throughout Germany in the 16th century, often reducing Faust and Mephistopheles to figures of vulgar fun. The two most famous straight stage versions are Christopher Marlowe's The Tragicall History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus (better known simply as Doctor Faustus) and Goethe's Faust. There are also a number of more serious operas, ballets and films on the theme, including the opera Faust by Charles Gounod to a French libretto by Jules Barbier and Michel Carré (see below). Burlesque or pastiche versions of it include the popular Faust et Marguerite by Michel Carré (1819-1872)[1] and a presentation billed in South Africa as Prof. Pepper's Ghost, Pepper's Ghost or simply The Ghost (said to have been "exhibited at the Polytechnic, London" and "illustrating the drama of Faust".

Discussed below are those plays specifically known by the title Faust, and that have been performed in South Africa at one time or another.

Faust a verse tragedy by Goethe

The original text

Faust is a German verse tragedy in two parts by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832)[2], and in this reworking of the story 200 years after Marlowe, Faust becomes a dissatisfied intellectual who yearns for "more than earthly meat and drink". (Faust in Wikipedia [3]).

The work evolved over time and went through a range of different forms, including the earliest manuscript version, known as the Urfaust, (developed between 1772 and 1775) which has twenty-two scenes, one in prose, two largely prose and the remaining 1,441 lines in rhymed verse). Next came a printed version called Faust, a Fragment, published in 1790, and in 1806 a preliminary version of what is now known as Faust, Part One. This was published in 1808 and a revised edition in 1828–29.

In 1831 Goethe completed the manuscript of Faust, Part Two and it was published posthumously in 1832.

The two parts of Faust rarely performed as a whole, but the play is nevertheless widely regarded as Goethe's magnum opus and is usually cited as the greatest work of German literature. The first recorded performance was on May 24, 1819, when selected scenes were played at Castle Monbijou, Berlin and the Premiere of the complete Part One took place on January 29, 1829 at Braunschweig. The world premiere of an unabridged version of the entire piece was only performed at the Goetheanum in Dornach, Switzerland in 1938.

Translations and adaptations of Goethe's play

Goethe's German version has translated into English prose and verse by numerous authors over the years (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe%27s_Faust), and is usually known in English as Faust, Part One and Faust, Part Two.

A fragment ("Toneel in die gevangenis", i.e. "scene in the jail") of a translation into Afrikaans by D.F. Malherbe was published in Tydskrif vir Letterkunde, 7(4):7-13, 1957

A translation of both parts (One and Two) was done by W.J. Erlank, the text being performed in Stellenbosch in 1966 as opening piece in the newly built H.B. Thom Theatre. The text was published by Nasionale Boekhandel in the same year.

Performances of Goethe's Faust in South Africa

Though seldom performed in its entirety, parts of Goethe's version have often been done in South Africa.

1875: Performed as part of the repertoire of the Harvey-Turner Opera Company when it visited the goldfields in Johannesburg and Cape Town. The other works listed include Il Trovatore, Maritana, The Bohemian Girl, Lobgesang and Stabat Mater.

1888: A one-man performance called an Extract from Faust formed part of Charles du Val's repertoire on his tour of South Africa, and Boonzaier (1923) records seeing it in the Old Mutual Hall in Darling Street, Cape Town, during November of this year, with Du Val playing all three the leading roles.

1966: A production of Faust, Part One was performed in the Afrikaans version by W.J. Erlank, was done by the Universiteitsteater Stellenbosch for the opening of the H.B. Thom Theatre in Stellenbosch in 1966. It was directed by Fred Engelen, assisted by Rina la Grange, set design by Keith Anderson, costume design by Elaine Aucamp, choreography by Libby van Blerk, lighting and sound design by Fred Engelen, songs by Jan Bouws, organ music and improvisations by Boudewijn Scholten, Production management by Emile Aucamp, Stage Manangement by Pieter de Swardt. The cast consisted of professionals, departmental staff and students and included Siegfried Mynhardt as Mephistopheles, Pieter Bredenkamp as Faust, Fred Stephens as Wagner, Tine Balder as Margaretha and Rina Botha as Martha. others who would later become prominent in the theatre included Pieter Joubert, Gretchen Holzapfel, Herman Pretorius, Johan Esterhuizen, Mees Xteen, Charles Fryer, John Cartwright, Rita Sierts-Ehlers, Woutrine Theron, Rahila Steyn, Annelise van der Ryst, W. Laurie.

1970s: The Drama Department of the University of Pretoria did the Afrikaans version of Faust, Part One in Die Masker theatre, directed by Louw Odendaal with Ben Kruger as "Faust".

1980: The English version of Faust, Part One opened at the Nico Malan Theatre on 14 October 1980, directed by Dieter Reible, with Michael Atkinson, Diane Wilson, Elizabeth Archer, Percy Sieff among the large cast. Decor and costumes by Raimond Schoop, lighting by Pieter de Swardt. The translation into English by Philip Wayne was used.

Faust an opera by Gounod

The original text

This opera in five acts was composed by Charles Gounod, with a libretto by Jules Barbier and Michel Carré. The general plot is taken from Carré's play Faust et Marguerite, which is in turn loosely based on Goethe's Faust, Part One. The opera premièred at the Théâtre Lyrique on the Boulevard du Temple in Paris on 19 March 1859.

Performances of Gounod's operatic version of Faust in South Africa

1890: According to D.C. Boonzaier (1923, cited in Bosman, 1980), the opera was performed in the Vaudeville Theatre, Cape Town by the visiting Verdi Opera Company, featuring inter alia Emilie Melville (Mrs Verdi). Apparently not greatly satisfying to the public, Boonzaier adds.

1894: D.C. Boonzaier (1923, cited in Bosman, 1980), records a performance of the opera in the Opera House, Cape Town by members of the Lyric Opera Company, under the management of Edgar Perkins and A. Bonamici. The performers included Marguerite Macintyre, Signor Verdi and Leonora Braham.

1899: Taken on a tour the South African cities and towns by the visiting Arthur Rousbey Grand English Opera Company, under the management of Frank de Jong and Herbert Flemming. The performers included Arthur Rousbey and Mrs Rousbey, whom Boonzaier, styles the "the best Marguerite I have seen" (as cited in Bosman, 1980: p.407). The company performed their repertoire in the Cape Town's Opera House in the second half of the year.

1903: The third act of the opera was performed in Cape Town by a visiting Italian Opera Company headed by Miss Capellaro and Mr Deneri, brought out for a season at the Good Hope Theatre by the Wheeler Company. The season commenced on which on 26 October.

1905: Performed and taken on a tour the South African cities and towns by the visiting Moody-Manners Opera Company, under the management of the Wheeler Brothers. They opened their tour in the Opera House, Cape Town, during February, before going on a tour of the Northern provinces. Their repertoire consisted of Cavelleria Rusticana, I Pagliacci and Faust and the tour ended in Cape Town again, with a farewell season of the three operas in the Good Hope Theatre, opening on 24 April.

1906: Presented by the Orchestral and Choral Society in Cape Town.

1912: Presented by the Quinlan Opera Company.

1920s(?): Performed in Durban by the Durban Amateur Grand Opera Society

1938: Presented at the Johannesburg Music Festival by John Connell.

1945: Presented by African Consolidated Theatres, conducted by William Pickerill.

1964: Presented by PACT Opera.

1976: Presented by NAPAC Opera, with Nellie du Toit as Marguerite and Gé Korsten as Faust, produced by James Conrad, conducted by John Pryce-Jones.

1977: Presented by PACT Opera.

1985: Presented by CAPAB Opera (28 September – 14 October)

1990s(?): The opera performed by Opera Africa

2003: Presented by Cape Town Opera (3–13 September)

2018: The opera performed by the Pretoria Symphony Orchestra and the South African National State Theatre at the South African State Theatre, Pretoria, from 23 September until 12 October. Directed by Pierre du Toit and conducted by Gerben Grooten, with Canadian tenor Boris Derow as "Faust", Otto Maidi as Mephistopheles, and Leah Gunter as Marguerite.

La Damnation de Faust an opera by Berlioz

The original text

La Damnation de Faust or La damnation de Faust by the French composer Hector Berlioz (1803-1869).

Inspired by a translation of Goethe's dramatic poem Faust. A work for four solo voices, full seven-part chorus, large children's chorus and orchestra by the French composer Hector Berlioz. He called it a "légende dramatique". It was first performed at the Opéra-Comique in Paris on 6 December 1846.

Performances of operatic version of La Damnation de Faust in South Africa

1899: Presented in Cape Town

1907: Presented in Cape Town at the Festival concert with the Musical Society Orchestra led by Ellie Marx (9 August 1907)

2003: Presented by Cape Town Opera (9 & 12 September)

South African adaptations of the Faust myth

Faustus in Africa

A notable South African reworking of the myth is Faustus in Africa by William Kentridge and the Handspring Puppet Company (1995). The script combines section of Part One and fragments of Part Two from ** Bulgakov’s The Master and Magrita and new material by the South African poet Iesega Rampotokeng, so that the idealism of Goethe’s Faust is tested against the more earthy materialism of South Africa. The legend of Faust is based on the story of the sixteenth-century learned scholar who squandered his fortune and then sold his soul to the devil in exchange for additional time to search for the meaning of existence through travel and indulgences. After making his pact with the devil, Handspring’s Faustus goes on a safari. Indulging in elaborate feasts and buying sprees, Faustus attempts to consume all that Africa has to offer. Transposed to Africa his desires become those of the archetypal greedy colonialist – his victims the African people and their land.

It was first performed at the Standard Bank National Arts Festival, Grahamstown 1995 by Handspring Puppet Company, directed by William Kentridge and using an integration of film animation, actors and puppets. It then toured to Germany and other parts of the world.

Creative Team: Production: Handspring Puppet Company in association with The Market Theatre, Art Bureau (Munich), Kunstfest (Weimar), the Standard Bank National Arts Festival, The Foundation for the Creative Arts, and Mannie Manim Productions. Director: William Kentridge; Design: Adrian Kohler, William Kentridge; Animation: William Kentridge, with assistant animator: Hiltrud von Seydlitz; Additional text: Lesego Rampolokeng. Lighting design: Mannie Manim ; Sound design: Wilbert Schubel Music: James Phillips, Warrick Sony; Costumes: Hazel Maree, Hiltrud von Seydliz. Cast: Dawid Minnaar, Leslie Fong,Busi Zokufa, Louis Seboko, Antoinette Kellermann, Basil Jones, Adrian Kohler. Performances: 1995 South Africa, Germany, Switzerland, Czech Republic, UK, Portugal, Australia, Belgium, Israel, Denmark, Austria, France, Spain, Italy, USA

Sources

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faust

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe%27s_Faust

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faust_(opera)

http://www.handspringpuppet.co.za/handspring-productions/

Programmes: Faust, H.B. Thom Theatre, 7 October, 1966;

Nico Malan Theatre October 1980.

Kruger, 1997.

D.C. Boonzaier, 1923. "My playgoing days – 30 years in the history of the Cape Town stage", in SA Review, 9 March and 24 August 1932. (Reprinted in Bosman 1980: pp. 374-439.)

F.C.L. Bosman, 1928. Drama en Toneel in Suid-Afrika, Deel I: 1652-1855. Pretoria: J.H. de Bussy. [4].

F.C.L. Bosman. 1980. Drama en Toneel in Suid-Afrika, Deel II, 1856-1912. Pretoria: J.L. van Schaik: pp.391, 396, 400, 407, 417, 422

https://www.timeslive.co.za/sebenza-live/features/2018-09-21-fausts-story-comes-alive-through-opera/

Wayne Muller. 2018. A reception history of opera in Cape Town: Tracing the development of a distinctly South African operatic aesthetic (1985–2015). Unpublished PhD thesis.

Havergal Brian. "John Connell’s Johannesburg Festival" from "On the other hand". Musical opinion, June 1938, p. 777.

Sjoerd Alkema. 2012. "Conductors of the Cape Town Municipal Orchestra, 1914-1965: a historical perspective". University of Cape Town. Unpublished PhD thesis.

Alexandra Xenia Sabina Mossolow. 2003. The career of South African soprano Nellie du Toit, born 1929. Unpublished Masters thesis. University of Stellenbosch.

Hilde Roos. 2012. 'Indigenisation and history: how opera in South Africa became South African opera'. Acta Academica Supplementum. 2012(1).

Go to ESAT Bibliography