The Merchant of Venice

The Merchant of Venice is a play by William Shakespeare.

The original text

Believed to have been written between 1596 and 1598, and possibly first performed at the court of King James in the spring of 1605, followed by a second performance a few days later.

The play was apparently not performed further in the 17th century and the next recorded production is in 1701, when a popular adaptation, titled The Jew of Venice, by George Granville was done. This became the preferred version for more than a century.

Performance history in South Africa

Ironically yet understandably, given its racial theme, this play has been enormously popular in South Africa.

In the original English

1817: Performed in 5 July in the "The African Theatre" by the Garrison Players, with Captain Carter as "Shylock", and followed by Barnaby Brittle (Betterton).

1837: Performed in the "South African Theatre" by Vlyt en Kunst, led by C.E. Boniface, during January, with High Life Below Stairs (Townley).

1847: Performed by the Garrison Players in the Garrison Theatre on Wednesday 8 September 1847, with as an afterpiece My Daughter, Sir!, or A Daughter to Marry (Planché); on Friday 17 September 1847 with as afterpiece Jack Brag (Hook/a'Beckett) and Thurday 9 December 1847 with as afterpiece The Infant of Spain.

1920: A significant production of this Shakespeare play was staged by the Cape Town Repertory Theatre Society as its début opened on 6 August 1920 in the Railway Institute Hall in Cape Town. The cast included most of the top amateur actors then active, and the design by S.J. Wray was the first to introduce the revolutionary ideas of Edward Gordon Craig to South Africa. In all, only eight performances were given in Cape Town and surrounds, but the production was a hit with both public and critics and managed to turn a tidy profit of £100. The first professional performance was apparently ***.

1928: Johannesburg Reps, Wilfred Patley as Shylock.

1963: Maynardville starring Helen Bourne, Pietro Nolte, Leslie French (Shylock), Cecilia Sonnenberg (Portia), and others.

1964: Staged by PACOFS and WADAMS at the quadcentennial Shakespeare Festival in the Orange Free State, touring the province before playing in Bloemfontein. The production was directed by Fred Engelen and the cast included himself (Shylock), Frank Gilwald (Antonio), Michael Richter (Solanio), Peter Krummeck (Salerino), Chris Mobsby (Basasanio), Allen Turner (Lorenzo), Jock Armstrong (Gratiano), Lucille Gillwald (Portia), James MacLaughlin (Prince of Morocco), Jan Raath (Launcelot Gobbo), Ian Galloway (Old Gobbo), Denise Kalil (Jessica), Carel van Loggerenberg (Prince of Arragon), Al Sjoberg (Tubal), Dave Snashall (Duke of Venice) and others. The stage manager was Russel Kent.

1966: NAPAC, Pieter Scholtz as Shylock.

1971: Port Elizabeth Shakespearean Festival, Leslie French (Shylock), Helen Mann (Portia).

1979: Staged by CAPAB Drama with Rene Ahrenson and Cecilia Sonnenberg at Maynardville, directed by Michael Atkinson, with Simon Swindell (Duke of Venice), Marko van der Colff (Prince of Morocco), Marthinus Basson (Prince of Arragon), Roger Dwyer (Antonio), John Whiteley (Bassanio), Neville Thomas (Gratiano), Peter Cartwright (Salerio), Johan Esterhuizen (Solanio), Glynn Day (Lorenzo), Henry Goodman (Shylock), Michael Drin (Tubal), Jonathan Rands (Launcelot Gobbo), Simon Swindell (Old Gobbo), Chris Goetsch (Leonardo), Richard Grant (Balthazar), Ian Roberts (Stephano), Gillian Lomberg (Portia), Patti Canning (Nerissa), Fiona Ramsey (Jessica) and others.

1979: NAPAC, John Hussey (Shylock), Liz Dick (Portia).

1980: Market Theatre, Ron Smerczak (Shylock), Aletta Bezuidenhout (Portia).

1981: Directed by Ian Steadman for SODA, September.

1985: PACOFS 1985, directed by Ken Leach with [[Richard Haines] (Shylock)], Richard Carlsson, Malcolm Terry, Sandra Duncan (Portia).

1992: Presented by CAPAB Drama at Maynardville from 11 January to 15 February, directed by Janice Honeyman. Set designed by Peter Cazalet, costumes by Birrie le Roux, lighting by Malcolm Hurrell, starring André Jacobs (Antonio), Mark Hoeben, Kurt Wustmann and Timothy Mahoney (friends to Antonio and Bassanio), Gavin van den Berg (Bassanio), Robert Fridjhon (Lorenzo), Jonathan Pienaar (Gratiano}, Fiona Ramsay (Portia), Pauline O'Kelly (Nerissa), Matthew Roberts (Stephano), Robert Whitehead (Shylock), Peter Butler ((Prince of Morocco), Royston Stoffels (Old Gobbo), André Samuels (Leonardo), Michelle Scott (Jessica), Blaise Koch (Prince of Arragon and Duke of Venice), Neels Coetzee (Tubal). Other roles played by Ina Vermeulen, Ivan Abrahams and Matthew Roberts.

2008: Maynardville Production. Presented by The Maynardville Theatre Trust and Artscape. Directed by Roy Sargeant. Set designed by Keith Anderson. Costume designed by John Caviggia. Original music composed by Michael Tuffin. Lighting designed by Faheem Bardien. Sound designed by Lynley Pillay. Assistant director and voice coach Megan Choritz. Cast: Antonio, a merchant of Venice: Graham Weir. Salerio, friend to Antonio and Bassanio: Stephen Jubber. Solanio, friend to Antonio and Bassanio: Friedrich Smit. Bassanio, Antonio's friend, and suitor to Portia: Clayton Boyd. Grazanio, friend to Antonio and Bassanio: Scott Sparrow. Lorenzo, in love with Jessica: Francesco Nassimbeni. Portia, a rich heiress, of Belmont: Tessa Jubber. Nerissa, her gentlewoman: Juliet Jenkin. Shylock, a rich Jew: Jeremy Crutchley. The Prince of Morocco, suitor to Portia: David Johnson. Lancelot Gobbo, Clown, servant to Shylock: Darron Araujo. Old Gobbo, Lancelot's father: David Crichton. Jessica, daughter to Shylock: Jacqui du Toit. The Prince of Arragon, suitor to Portia: John Caviggia. The Duke of Venice: David Crichton. Servant to Antonio: David Johnson. Other roles played by: Andriette Beukes, Buddy-Bo Butler, Jerome Chapman, Marko Coetzee, Clive Gilson, Alex Tops.

Sources

PACOFS theatre programme, 1964.

Maynardville theatre programmes, 1979, 1992.

Maynardville programme 1992, listing South African "Shylocks" and "Portias" from 1928 to 1985.

Programme notes of the Maynardville production in 2008.

Wikipedia [1].

F.C.L. Bosman, 1928. Drama en Toneel in Suid-Afrika, Deel I: 1652-1855. Pretoria: J.H. de Bussy. [2]: pp. 150, 171, 219, 338-340, 396.

Go to South African Theatre/Bibliography

In translation or adapted form

The play has been translated into a number of South African languages over the years.

Dutch

A bowdlerized Dutch version by an unknown author, called De Jood en de Christen, of de Gevolge der Lichtzinnigheid, was performed in Cape Town by members of the Dutch amateur company Vlyt en Kunst in the Kaapschen Schouwburg in August 1838, with Jantje Puk, of Den Doctor tegen Wil en Dank (a Dutch translation of Le Médecin Malgré Lui by Molière).

Sources

Bosman, 1928: 339-340,

Go to South African Theatre/Bibliography

Afrikaans

D.F. Malherbe translation

Translated into Afrikaans as Die Koopman van Venesië by D.F. Malherbe ( Afrikaanse Pers Boekhandel, 1949).

1950: First performed by Volksteater in 1950, directed by Elise van der Spuy, starring Piet du Toit (Shylock), Else Pirow as Portia, Petro van der Walt as Jessica, Andries Brink and John Ree. Decor by Ronny Philip.

1951: Presented by the University of Cape Town under the direction of Hermien Dommisse, starring Hendrik Hanekom as Shylock, Enone van den Bergh as Nerissa, Edith Rossouw as Jessica. Other cast members were Pieter Bredenkamp, Christie van der Merwe, Hannes van der Merwe, Pieter Geldenhuys, Robert Mohr and Jannie Gildenhuys, opening 5 November in the Little Theatre, Cape Town. Decor was designed by Frank Graves, Doreen Graves the costumes and Frieda Ollemans made the masks.

1953/1960?: Performed by NTO, directed by Fred Engelen and opening at the Little Theatre in Cape Town in 1953/1960?, with Pieter Bredenkamp, Louw Verwey, Hermien Dommisse (Portia), Paul Malherbe, Fred le Roux and Chris van den Berg. Costume designs by Mavis Taylor (designs also used in later productions in Antwerp.)

Anna S. Pohl translation

Translated into Afrikaans as Die Koopman van Venesië by Anna S. Pohl (DALRO, 1969)

This was produced by PACT in 1969 at the Breytenbach Theatre, directed by Francois Swart and featuring Carel Trichardt (Shylock), Petru Wessels (Portia), Don Lamprecht (Ou Gopse), Sandra Prinsloo (Jessica), Louis van Niekerk (Antonio), Marius Weyers (Bessanio).

Tjaart Potgieter translation

As Die Sakeman van Venesië, translated by Tjaart Potgieter,

First presented by PACT at the State Theatre and the Alexander Theatre, 1991, directed by Ilse van Hemert with Eghard van der Hoven, Itumeleng Wa-Lehulere, André Stolz, Gys de Villiers, Kevin Smith, André Odendaal, Albert Maritz, Marius Meyer, Francois Viljoen, Patrick Mynhardt, Jan Stoop, Tjaart Potgieter, Francois Potgieter, Brümilda van Rensburg, Susan Coetzer, Megan Choritz. Designs by James MacNamara, lighting by Stan Knight.

Louis van Niekerk directed a production in Afrikaans for PACT in 1981, starring Don Lamprecht as Shylock and Rika Sennett as Portia.

Sources

Undated newspaper clipping found in a scrapbook prepared by Sophie Snyman, student in Speech and Drama at the University of Stellenbosch, dated 1951 (re the 1951 UCT production).

Die Sakeman van Venesië theatre programme, 1991.

Go to South African Theatre/Bibliography

Northern Sotho

Translated as Mogwebi wa Venisi by N.C. Phatudi (Published by Maskew Miller Longman, 1985),

Sources

Go to South African Theatre/Bibliography

Southern Sotho

Translated as Mohwebi wa Venisi by K.E. Ntsane (published by A.P.B. in 1961), into Setswana as Morekisi wa Venisi by M.O.M. Seboni (publised by Lovedale Press, 1961).

Sources

Go to South African Theatre/Bibliography

Sources

Bosman, 1928: pp 396,

The Mime, 1(3), 1928.

Teaterwoordeboek, Vaktaalburo, 1977.

PACOFS Drama 25 Years, 1963-1988.

PACT Info, (2), 1992.

Nel, 1972

Go to ESAT Bibliography

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