Difference between revisions of "Gibson Kente"

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'''Gibson Mtutuzeli "Slick" Kente''' (1932-2004) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_Kente] was a South African playwright, actor, teacher, musician, composer, impressario and teacher. Fondly known to many as “'''Bra Gib'''” – widely recognised to be the foremost black playwright and one of the leading cultural icons of his time.  
+
'''[[Gibson Mtutuzeli "Slick" Kente]]''' (1932-2004) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_Kente] was a South African playwright, actor, director, musician, composer, impressario/manager and teacher.  
  
 +
Fondly known to many as '''"[[Bra Gib]]"''' ("Brother Gib") he was widely recognised to be the foremost black playwright ("the father of township theatre") and one of the leading cultural icons of his time.
  
 
== Biography ==
 
== Biography ==
  
 +
Born Gibson Mthuthuzeli Kente on July 25 (some sources say July 23), 1932, in Duncan Village, the black township near East London, Eastern Cape.
  
−
Born in East London, he learnt choral music at the Jan Hofmeyr School of Social Work, and starting as a young performer in [[King Kong]] and a member of [[Union Artists]] at Dorkay House, Kente initially worked as a talent scout for Gallo Records, where he began by writing music for singers like Miriam Makeba. This led to his first efforts at playwriting, ''[[Manana the Jazz Prophet]]'' (1963) and the immensely popular ''[[Sikhalo]]'' [“Lament”] (1966), which were developed while he was at Union Artists, and toured the country under their auspices. The latter was also performed before a multiracial audience in the Wits [[Great Hall]] and  “lives in memory as second only to King Kong in black township memory” [Kruger, 1999]. This success made him break away and start his own company, [[GK Productions ]], with which he did the rest of his work over the years, including ''[[Sikalo]]'' (1966),  ''[[Lifa]]'' (1967/72), ''[[Zwi]]'' [“Alone”] (1970), ''[[How Long?]]'' (1973), ''[[Too Late]]'' (1974), ''[[Now is the Time]]'' (1982),  ''[[Sekunjalo]]'' (The Hour is Come – [[National Arts Festival|Grahamstown Main Festival], 1987), ''[[Give a Child]]'' (1990) and that other enormous success, ''[[Mama and the Load]]'', (or sometimes only referred to as ''[[The Load]]''). First performed 1979, The Load  toured the black townships of the country for years, with up to four companies out at a time. What makes Kente such an iconic figure in the history of South African theatre is not only his phenominal commercial success as entrepreneur and entertainer and his prophetic belief that the real need was for theatre about black life by black performers for black audiences, but his seminal role in the development  of a distinctively personal style of musical theatre and theatrical production which has come to be known as the “township musical”.  Based on the variety tradition pioneered by [[Griffiths Motsieloa]] and [[Todd Matshikiza]], it utilizes an eclectic mix of melodramatic plots, African variety dance and music to tell simple but emotionally charged stories about black life in South Africa. He produced more than 20 plays in this style, most of them immensely popular between the 1960s and 1990s. Picked up by a few other artists (notably his primary rival, [[Sam Mhangwane]]), Kente’s style has ultimately had an enormous impact in the form of South African theatre was to take in the 1980s and later. (vide such plays as *** and ''[[Sophiatown]]''). His influence on the industry in general has been equally strong, for example he was at one stage paying his performers four times what they could earn in the manufacturing sector and he thus drew many young people into the business. It is estimated that he trained and launched the careers of an estimated 400 black performers in the South African industry, including [[Brenda Fassie]], [[Nomsa Nene]], [[Peter Se-Puma]], [[Sello Maake ka Ncube]], [[Mbongeni Ngema]]. However, revered as he has been, his own plays are seldom taken seriously as literary or “relevant” works, despite a brief flirtation with more serious “political” work, just before and during 1976, with ''[[How Long?]]'' (1973), ''[[I Believe]]'' (1974, or ''[[Our Belief]]''?* according to Melvin Whitebooi, 2004),  ''[[Too Late]]'' (1974, published 1981, and banned for a while by the government), and the film, ''How Long Must We Suffer'' (1976, banned and Kente imprisoned for 6 months). His work of the 1970-1980s was in fact rejected as cheap escapist entertainment by [[SASO]] and the intellectuals of the [[BMC]] movement.    As a result, only two plays have been published to date, though there are recordings of ''[[How Long?]]'', ''[[Too Late]]'' and ''[[Sikalo]]''. Unfortunately many of his unpublished texts were lost in a fire in 1989. In the 1990s Kente predictably began writing drama series for SABC Television, including **  In 2004 he was celebrated as a ‘living treasure” by the [[National Arts Council]] of South Africa, but sadly in the same year he declared himself HIV positive and, while working on his 24th play (an Aids awareness work entitled ''[[The Call]]''), he  died on 7 November. After his death the [[Kente Foundation]] was founded, i.a. to seek to have more of his work published.  *He presented a tour of his play, ''[[Sikhalo]]'' in 1961. His ''[[The Train]]'' was staged at [[Dorkay House]] circa 1974. His musical ''[[Sekunjalo, the Naked Hour]]'' was staged at the [[National Arts Festival|Grahamstown Arts Festival]], [[Pretoria State Theatre]] in September 1988 and the [[Alexander Theatre]]. KENTE,Gibson.  ''[[Manana the Jazz Prophet]]'' (1963) and ''[[Sikalo]]'' (Lament) (1966, Musical).  Formed his own company with musical plays  like ''[[Lifa]]'' (1968) & ''[[Zwi]]'' (1970). ''[[How Long?]]''?, ''[[I Believe]]'' & ''[[Too Late]]'' !974-76)  ''[[Can You Take It]]'' (1977), a township love story, ''[[La Duma]]'' (It thundered) (1978) ''[[Mama]]'' and ''[[The Load]]'' at [[Market Theatre]] (1980) dramatizations of the conflict between political pressures and family/community solidarity. ''[[Ezakithi]]'' (It is us) [[Market Theatre]] (2001).(Music that fuses tradition and urban style & disciplined choreography ''[[La Duma]]''.*** (Kavanagh, 1984, Larlham, 198*, Hauptfleisch and Steadman 1984, Kruger, 1999, Tucker, 1997) Gibson Kente is the best known and most popular playwright inside South Africa. In the mid-'5os he worked with popular entertainers like [[Miriam Makeba]] and [[Letta Mbuli]]. His first theatre production was ''[[Manana the Jazz Prophet]]''. In 1967 he became the first black artist to own a theatre company. He produced popular works like ''[[Sikalo]]'', ''[[Lifa]]'', and ''[[Zwi]]''. From the mid-'70s he produced three politically oriented plays, ''[[How Long?]]'', ''[[I Believe]]'', and ''[[Too Late]]''. The Kente "genre" is generally referred to as the "township musical." It reflects the dislocations, poverty, and rootlessness of black South African urban life. (Wakashe, 1986) Born Gibson Mthuthuzeli Kente on July 25 (some sources say July 23), 1932, in Duncan Village, Eastern Cape, South Africa; died November 7, 2004, in Soweto, South Africa, of complications from AIDS; children: sons Feza and Mzwandile. Education: Attended a Seventh-Day Adventist college in Butterworth, South Africa, early 1950s, and Jan Hofmeyer School of Social Work, mid-1950s. Career: Born in 1932, Kente grew up in Duncan Village, the black township outside the city of East London in South Africa's Eastern Cape. He was schooled at a Seventh-Day Adventist college in Butterworth, and around 1956 moved to Johannesburg to enroll at the Jan Hofmeyer School of Social Work. He formed a gospel jazz group called the [[Kente Choristers]] while there, and eventually abandoned his studies altogether after joining a black theater group called the [[Union Artists]]. The township drama was born out of a 1959 musical, ''[[King Kong]]'', which had been written by whites but proved a hit with black audiences. In apartheid-era South Africa, the term "township" denoted a place that was anything but pastoral or idyllic. The townships were blacks-only suburbs, with shanties and cinder-block homes among the better-constructed residences, situated near large cities like Johannesburg. There were schools and churches, but very little in the way of organized entertainment. Career2 Playwright, theater director, and theater manager. Formed a gospel jazz group, the Kente Choristers, in Johannesburg in the late 1950s; became a member of a black theatre group, the [[Union Artists]]; wrote and directed his first musical, ''[[Manana the Jazz Prophet]]'', in 1963; established his own theater group, [[GK Productions]]. With the end of apartheid and the first free and democratic elections in South Africa in 1994, Kente's plays finally began to receive official support and funding. By then, however, he was on the fringes of the South African cultural scene. A 13-part television project in 1995 titled ''Mama's Love'' earned such scathing reviews that it was nearly cancelled after just two episodes, and Kente's critics called him a disgrace to black theater. Despite the initial bad press, the project did remain on the air in its entirety, and one of its lines even entered the vernacular and became a popular soccer stadium chant.
+
He has two sons, Feza and Mzwandile.  
  
−
Kente's ''[[Mfowethu - Songs and Dance]]'' was staged at the [[Jabulani Amphitheatre]] in Soweto in January 1994.
+
In 2004 he was celebrated as a ‘living treasure” by the [[National Arts Council]] of South Africa, but sadly in the same year he declared himself HIV positive and, while working on his 24th play (an Aids awareness work entitled ''[[The Call]]''), he  died in Soweto on 7 November 2004. After his death the [[Gibson Kente Foundation]] was founded, i.a. to seek to have more of his work published.
  
−
Fondly known to many as “'''Bra Gib'''” – widely recognised to be the foremost black playwright and one of the leading cultural icons of his time. His prolific musical productions, staged between the mid-1960s and 2004, were enthusiastically received by township audiences throughout South Africa. Kente’s touring township shows (referred to as the "[[Township Musical]]") came to define South African township theatre and provided the base from which much black – and other – South African theatre was later to flourish. His work to date has been poorly documented and the records of all but one of his plays were lost in a fire.
+
==Training==
  
 +
Attended a Seventh-Day Adventist college in Butterworth, South Africa (early 1950s). He attended [[Lovedale]] in Alice where he took piano lessons an studied theory of music. He matriculated from [[Lovedale]] in 1953. He then attended [[Jan H. Hofmeyr School of Social Work]] in Johannesburg (1955-1957) where he learnt choral music.  He formed a gospel jazz group called the [[Kente Choristers]] while in Johannesburg, and eventually abandoned his studies altogether after joining a black theater group called the [[Union Artists]].
 +
 +
==Contribution to SA theatre, film, media and/or performance==
 +
 +
Kente initially worked as a talent scout for [[Gallo Records]], where he began by writing music for singers like [[Miriam Makeba]], [[Letta Mbulu]] and the [[Manhattan Brothers]]. This led to his first efforts at playwriting.
 +
 +
Gibson Kente is the best known and most popular black playwright inside South Africa.
 +
 +
His prolific musical productions, staged between the mid-1960s and 2004, were enthusiastically received by township audiences throughout South Africa.
 +
 +
In 1967 he became the first black artist to own a theatre company, [[GK Productions]]. His influence on the industry in general has been strong, for example he was at one stage paying his performers four times what they could earn in the manufacturing sector and he thus drew many young people into the business. It is estimated that he trained and launched the careers of an estimated 400 black performers in the South African industry, including [[Brenda Fassie]], [[Nomsa Nene]], [[Peter Se-Puma]], [[Sello Maake ka Ncube]], [[Mbongeni Ngema]].
 +
 +
===As an actor===
 +
 +
Kente starting as a young performer in [[King Kong]] and a member of [[Union Artists]] at [[Dorkay House]].
 +
 +
===As a playwright and producer===
 +
 +
What makes Kente such an iconic figure in the history of South African theatre is not only his phenominal commercial success as entrepreneur and entertainer and his prophetic belief that the real need was for theatre about black life by black performers for black audiences, but his seminal role in the development  of a distinctively personal style of musical theatre and theatrical production which has come to be known as the “township musical”.  Based on the variety tradition pioneered by [[Griffiths Motsieloa]] and [[Todd Matshikiza]], it utilizes an eclectic mix of melodramatic plots, African variety dance and music to tell simple but emotionally charged stories about black life in South Africa. It reflects the dislocations, poverty, and rootlessness of black South African urban life. ([[ESAT Bibliography Waa-Wal|Wakashe]], 1986b).
 +
 +
Kente’s touring township shows came to define South African township theatre and provided the base from which much black – and other – South African theatre was later to flourish. He produced more than 20 plays in this style, most of them immensely popular between the 1960s and 1990s. Picked up by a few other artists (notably his primary rival, [[Sam Mhangwane]]), Kente’s style has ultimately had an enormous impact in the form of South African theatre was to take in the 1980s and later, as can be seen in such productions as ''[[Sophiatown]]''.
 +
 +
However, revered as he has been, his own plays are seldom taken seriously as literary or “relevant” works, despite a brief flirtation with more serious “political” work, just before and during 1976. His work of the 1970-1980s was in fact rejected as cheap escapist entertainment by [[SASO]] and the intellectuals of the [[BCM]] movement. As a result, only two plays have been published to date, though there are recordings of ''[[How Long?]]'', ''[[Too Late]]'' and ''[[Sikalo]]''. His plays were frequently banned and his actors arrested. In September 1976, he was detained by security police. In 1989, his Soweto home was firebombed and the texts of most of his 35 plays were lost in the fire.
 +
 +
With the end of apartheid and the first free and democratic elections in South Africa in 1994, Kente's plays finally began to receive official support and funding. By then, however, he was on the fringes of the South African cultural scene.
 +
 +
Kente's plays were written (as opposed to workshopped, improvised or adhering to the oral tradition). Kente insisted that his plays were written in English, except for some dialogue that he wrote in isiZulu. On tour, actors were permitted to translate only the vernacular part of the script into the predominant language spoken in a township.
 +
 +
===Plays/musicals===
 +
 +
* ''[[Manana the Jazz Prophet]]'' (1963)
 +
* ''[[Sikalo]]'' (or ''[[Sikhalo]]'') ("The Lament") (1966)
 +
* ''[[Lifa]]'' (1967/68)
 +
* ''[[Zwi]]'' (“Alone”) (1970)
 +
* ''[[How Long?]]'' (1973)
 +
* ''[[I Believe]]'' (1974)
 +
* ''[[Too Late]]'' (1974)
 +
* ''[[Beyond a Song]]'' (1975)
 +
* ''[[Can You Take It?]]'' (1977)
 +
* ''[[La Duma]]'' (or ''[[Luduma]]'') ("It Thundered") (1978)
 +
* ''[[Taximan and the School Girl]]'' (1978/79)
 +
* ''[[Mama and the Load]]'' or ''[[The Load]]'' (1979)
 +
* ''[[Hungry Spoon]]'' (1980)
 +
* ''[[Lobola]]'' (1980)
 +
* ''[[Hard Road]]'' (1981)
 +
* ''[[Going Back]]''/''[[Looking Back]]''/''[[Marakalas]]'' (date?)
 +
* ''[[Now is the Time]]''/''[[My Troubled Land]]'' (1982)
 +
* ''[[Bad Times Mzala]]'' (also known as ''[[Things Are Bad Mzala]]'', 1982)
 +
* ''[[Take It Easy Papa]]'' (1984)
 +
* ''[[No Peace in the Family]]'' (1984)
 +
* ''[[She Fears the Night]]'' (1985)
 +
* ''[[Sekunjalo]]'' (1987) and ''[[Sekunjalo, the Naked Hour]]'' (a musical) (1988)
 +
* ''[[We Mame!]]'' (1987)
 +
* ''[[Give a Child]]'' (1989)/''[[We are the Future]]'', 1990)
 +
* ''[[Mama's Love]]'' (1989)
 +
* ''[[What a Shame]]'' (1989)
 +
* ''[[Mgewu Ndini]]'' (1990)
 +
* ''[[Mfowethu - Songs and Dance]]'' (1993)
 +
* ''[[Touch My Heart]]'' (1994)
 +
* ''[[Ezakithi]]'' ("It is us") (2001)
 +
* ''[[How Long 2]]''
 +
* ''[[The Call]]'' (2004)
 +
 +
Also:
 +
 +
* ''[[Poor Ma]]'' (date?)
 +
* ''[[Sea Pearls]]'' (written with [[Sam Mhangwane]]) (date?)
 +
 +
===Screenplays===
 +
 +
''[[How Long?]]'' (1976) (a film version of the 1973 play)
 +
 +
''[[Mama and the Load|Going Back]]'' (1981) (a docu-drama based on ''[[Mama and the Load]]'')
 +
 +
''[[Mama's Love]]'' (1995) (based on the play of the same name).
 +
 +
''[[Lahliwe]]'' (2000) (adapted from the play ''[[What a Shame]])''
 +
 +
==Legacy==
 +
 +
In 2017, [[Makhaola Ndebele]] directed ''[[ A Musical Tribute to Gibson Kente]]'' which was presented to critical acclaim at the [[Civic Theatre]] and at the [[Soweto Theatre]].
 +
 +
In 2018, Hudson Park High School in East London named their school theatre the [[Gibson Kente Theatre]].
 +
 +
On 26th of February 2023, the [[Red Theatre]] auditorium at the [[Soweto Theatre]] was renamed the [[Gibson Kente Theatre]] in his honour.
  
 
== Sources ==
 
== Sources ==
 +
 +
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_Kente
  
 
[[Rolf Solberg|Solberg]], 2011
 
[[Rolf Solberg|Solberg]], 2011
  
−
''City Press'', 9 January 1994
+
''[[City Press]]'', 9 January 1994.
 +
 
 +
Tribute by [[Melvin Whitebooi]], ''[[Die Burger]]'', 4 December 2004.
  
 
http://ukznpress.bookslive.co.za/blog/2011/09/05/introducing-bra-gib-father-of-south-africas-township-theatre-by-rolf-solberg/
 
http://ukznpress.bookslive.co.za/blog/2011/09/05/introducing-bra-gib-father-of-south-africas-township-theatre-by-rolf-solberg/
 +
 +
Kavanagh, 1984
 +
 +
Larlham, 198*
 +
 +
Hauptfleisch and Steadman 1984
 +
 +
Kruger, 1999
 +
 +
Tucker, 1997
 +
 +
'Obituary: Gibson Kente'. ''The Guardian''. 10 November 2004.
 +
 +
'Gibson Kente remembered as the greatest changemaker and storyteller of our time'. ''[[IOL]]''. 27 February 2023.
 +
 +
[[Andile Xaba]]. 2021. 'Collective memory and the construction of a historical narrative, analysis and interpretation of selected Soweto-based community plays (1984–1994)'. Unpublished PhD thesis.
 +
 +
https://dwrdistribution.co.za/the-magical-story-of-the-gibson-kente-theatre/
 +
 +
'The return of Kente'. ''[[Mail and Guardian]]''. 10 January 1997
 +
 +
[[Sam Mathe]]. 'Gibson Kente: Overdue yet timeous tribute'. ''[[The Star]]''. 15 December 2017.
  
 
Go to [[South African Theatre/Bibliography]]
 
Go to [[South African Theatre/Bibliography]]

Latest revision as of 13:51, 2 February 2024

Gibson Mtutuzeli "Slick" Kente (1932-2004) [1] was a South African playwright, actor, director, musician, composer, impressario/manager and teacher.

Fondly known to many as "Bra Gib" ("Brother Gib") he was widely recognised to be the foremost black playwright ("the father of township theatre") and one of the leading cultural icons of his time.

Biography

Born Gibson Mthuthuzeli Kente on July 25 (some sources say July 23), 1932, in Duncan Village, the black township near East London, Eastern Cape.

He has two sons, Feza and Mzwandile.

In 2004 he was celebrated as a ‘living treasure” by the National Arts Council of South Africa, but sadly in the same year he declared himself HIV positive and, while working on his 24th play (an Aids awareness work entitled The Call), he died in Soweto on 7 November 2004. After his death the Gibson Kente Foundation was founded, i.a. to seek to have more of his work published.

Training

Attended a Seventh-Day Adventist college in Butterworth, South Africa (early 1950s). He attended Lovedale in Alice where he took piano lessons an studied theory of music. He matriculated from Lovedale in 1953. He then attended Jan H. Hofmeyr School of Social Work in Johannesburg (1955-1957) where he learnt choral music. He formed a gospel jazz group called the Kente Choristers while in Johannesburg, and eventually abandoned his studies altogether after joining a black theater group called the Union Artists.

Contribution to SA theatre, film, media and/or performance

Kente initially worked as a talent scout for Gallo Records, where he began by writing music for singers like Miriam Makeba, Letta Mbulu and the Manhattan Brothers. This led to his first efforts at playwriting.

Gibson Kente is the best known and most popular black playwright inside South Africa.

His prolific musical productions, staged between the mid-1960s and 2004, were enthusiastically received by township audiences throughout South Africa.

In 1967 he became the first black artist to own a theatre company, GK Productions. His influence on the industry in general has been strong, for example he was at one stage paying his performers four times what they could earn in the manufacturing sector and he thus drew many young people into the business. It is estimated that he trained and launched the careers of an estimated 400 black performers in the South African industry, including Brenda Fassie, Nomsa Nene, Peter Se-Puma, Sello Maake ka Ncube, Mbongeni Ngema.

As an actor

Kente starting as a young performer in King Kong and a member of Union Artists at Dorkay House.

As a playwright and producer

What makes Kente such an iconic figure in the history of South African theatre is not only his phenominal commercial success as entrepreneur and entertainer and his prophetic belief that the real need was for theatre about black life by black performers for black audiences, but his seminal role in the development of a distinctively personal style of musical theatre and theatrical production which has come to be known as the “township musical”. Based on the variety tradition pioneered by Griffiths Motsieloa and Todd Matshikiza, it utilizes an eclectic mix of melodramatic plots, African variety dance and music to tell simple but emotionally charged stories about black life in South Africa. It reflects the dislocations, poverty, and rootlessness of black South African urban life. (Wakashe, 1986b).

Kente’s touring township shows came to define South African township theatre and provided the base from which much black – and other – South African theatre was later to flourish. He produced more than 20 plays in this style, most of them immensely popular between the 1960s and 1990s. Picked up by a few other artists (notably his primary rival, Sam Mhangwane), Kente’s style has ultimately had an enormous impact in the form of South African theatre was to take in the 1980s and later, as can be seen in such productions as Sophiatown.

However, revered as he has been, his own plays are seldom taken seriously as literary or “relevant” works, despite a brief flirtation with more serious “political” work, just before and during 1976. His work of the 1970-1980s was in fact rejected as cheap escapist entertainment by SASO and the intellectuals of the BCM movement. As a result, only two plays have been published to date, though there are recordings of How Long?, Too Late and Sikalo. His plays were frequently banned and his actors arrested. In September 1976, he was detained by security police. In 1989, his Soweto home was firebombed and the texts of most of his 35 plays were lost in the fire.

With the end of apartheid and the first free and democratic elections in South Africa in 1994, Kente's plays finally began to receive official support and funding. By then, however, he was on the fringes of the South African cultural scene.

Kente's plays were written (as opposed to workshopped, improvised or adhering to the oral tradition). Kente insisted that his plays were written in English, except for some dialogue that he wrote in isiZulu. On tour, actors were permitted to translate only the vernacular part of the script into the predominant language spoken in a township.

Plays/musicals

Also:

Screenplays

How Long? (1976) (a film version of the 1973 play)

Going Back (1981) (a docu-drama based on Mama and the Load)

Mama's Love (1995) (based on the play of the same name).

Lahliwe (2000) (adapted from the play What a Shame)

Legacy

In 2017, Makhaola Ndebele directed A Musical Tribute to Gibson Kente which was presented to critical acclaim at the Civic Theatre and at the Soweto Theatre.

In 2018, Hudson Park High School in East London named their school theatre the Gibson Kente Theatre.

On 26th of February 2023, the Red Theatre auditorium at the Soweto Theatre was renamed the Gibson Kente Theatre in his honour.

Sources

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_Kente

Solberg, 2011

City Press, 9 January 1994.

Tribute by Melvin Whitebooi, Die Burger, 4 December 2004.

http://ukznpress.bookslive.co.za/blog/2011/09/05/introducing-bra-gib-father-of-south-africas-township-theatre-by-rolf-solberg/

Kavanagh, 1984

Larlham, 198*

Hauptfleisch and Steadman 1984

Kruger, 1999

Tucker, 1997

'Obituary: Gibson Kente'. The Guardian. 10 November 2004.

'Gibson Kente remembered as the greatest changemaker and storyteller of our time'. IOL. 27 February 2023.

Andile Xaba. 2021. 'Collective memory and the construction of a historical narrative, analysis and interpretation of selected Soweto-based community plays (1984–1994)'. Unpublished PhD thesis.

https://dwrdistribution.co.za/the-magical-story-of-the-gibson-kente-theatre/

'The return of Kente'. Mail and Guardian. 10 January 1997

Sam Mathe. 'Gibson Kente: Overdue yet timeous tribute'. The Star. 15 December 2017.

Go to South African Theatre/Bibliography

Return to

Return to ESAT Personalities K

Return to South African Theatre Personalities

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