BC

Key to entries

Items in normal text indicate South African non-theatrical events and activities Items in bold indicate theatre and performance events. All items in italics refer to international (i.e. non-South African) events or theatre and performance events

Entries

2.5-3 million years BC

Beginning of Early Stone age

1-3 million years BC

Australopithecus lives in southern Africa

90 000 - 1 million years BC

Homo erectus lives in southern Africa

±30 000-130 000BC

Evolution of Homo sapiens in southern Africa

Middle stone age

±25 000 – 26 000 BC

Earliest dated rock art

Stone age hunter gatherers evolve in southern Africa

±10 000-15 000 years BC

Scattered groups of hunter-gatherers (Khoisan) settle as sole residents in Southern Africa (till ±1AD), gradually evolving a pastoral culture among some groups (i.e. the Khoi-Khoi), while others remained hunter-gatherers (i.e the San)

In Mesopotamia, society shifts from food-gathering to food-producing

±6000BC

Hassuna culture introduces irrigation, permanent dwellings and fine pottery

±5000BC

Area between Babylon and Persian Gulf settled. Trade develops between Persian Gulf and Mediterranean.

±3500BC

Sumerians settle on banks of Euphrates. They develop pictographs to keep administrative records.

±3300-3100BC

Early records of San ritual / trance dances and communal narratives in rock paintings

Egyptians introduce calendar, hieroglyphs, Memphis built. Egyptian ritual dramas, the “Pyramid Text” rituals; Ramessun Dramatic Papyrus. Coronation plays.

±3100-3000BC

Early Dynastic period in Egypt. Coloured mosaics used by Sumerains, e.g. at the Painted Temple at Tell Uqair.

±2750BC

Cuneiform writing used by Sumerians for first formal contracts for land sales. “Praying Statues” from Tel Asmar indicate use of expressionistic techniques to show religious feeling among Sumerians. Gilgamesh, hero of Sumerian legend, reigns as king of Erech. Indus Valley civilization in India begins.

±2686-2494BC

The Triumph of Horus, The Memphite Drama & Abydos Passion Play in Egypt. Old Kingdom in Egypt begins. From Step Pyramid at Sakkarah to Great Pyramids and Sphinx. In Mesopotamia, at the tombs of Ur, many gold and silver artifacts are buried.

±2300-2200BC

Dance and music develops in Korea. Legendary king Dan Gun in Korea. Hsia Dynasty in China.

±2100-2000BC

Art and architecture of Mesopotamia declines in creativity and spontaneity. Beginning of the Hsia dynasty in China.Sumerian power declines and Elamites destroy Ur. Middle Kingdom in Egypt begins.

±1991-1786 BC

Period of Egyptian cultural splendour: sculpture, portraiture, literature, architecture

±1800-1700BC

Potter’s wheel introduced in China. Pigs, goats and sheep domesticated by Chinese. Hammurabi becomes King of Babylon and gradually brings all of Mesopotamia under his rule. Introduces his Code of Law. Shang Dynasty in China

±1600-1100BC

Hittites invade Mesopotamia from Turkey. New Kingdom in Egypt. Aryans invade Indian sub-continent. Kingdom of Buyo in Korea. Chou Dynasty in China. Hittites introduce the use of iron to Mesopotamia. Gradually the Assyrians start using it to make arms. Under the Shang dynasty logographic writing system evolves in China. Chinese artisans master techniques of bronze casting of vessels, stone and ivory carving. Wheeled chariots and composite bows of wood, horn and sinew intorduced by Chinese armies. Books of the Dead (Egypt)Rig Veda (India), some of the vedas in dialogue form. Shamanistic rituals in China. Book of Odes (China) . Festival of Yong-Go, the welcoming of the drum (Korea)

±1000-800BC

African Kingdoms develop Late Dynastic period (Egypt). African Kingdoms develop. Olmec civilization in Gulf coast (Mexico). the Chavin civilization (Peru). Greeks expell Persians. Olmec civilization in Gulf coast (Mexico), the Chavin civilization in Peru and develop man-jaguar cults. Jade and basalt sculptures, hieroglyphc writing in Gulf Coast region, gold ornaments in Peru. First poetry and history written in China.

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